Spring @Autowired注解和静态方法 、静态变量的初始化顺序 以及PropertySource注解的配置使用问题

问题1:加载顺序问题:

conf.properites配置如下:

fetchJobsSchedule=0 25 0 * * ? 
updateJobsSchedule=0 12 17 * * ? 

java代码配置如下:

@Component
@PropertySource("classpath:conf.properties")
public class FetchStockSchedule {

   private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("info");

    @Value("${fetchJobsSchedule}")
   private static String fetchJobsSchedule;
    @Value("${updateJobsSchedule}")
   private static String updateJobsSchedule;

    static{
        System.out.println("----fetchJobsSchedule:"+fetchJobsSchedule+"------------");
        System.out.println("----updateJobsSchedule:"+updateJobsSchedule+"------------");
    }

启动项目 加载 static{ ... } 静态代码块输出如下:

D:\softwareIntall\java\jdk1.8.0_144\bin\java.exe -  ......
start
----fetchJobsSchedule:null------------

----updateJobsSchedule:null------------

值为null 原因:

@Value @Autowired 等Spring 的注解的注入时机 晚于 java static 的加载

 关于实例变量与构造方法的初始化顺序问题,查询相关资料得知:

1、Java类会先执行构造方法,然后再给注解了@Value  的属性注入值,所以在执行静态代码块的时候,就会为null。

2、java 及Spring 初始化顺序:java静态属性/静态代码块(根据声明的先后顺序加载)、构造代码块、 构造方法(即:spring创建FetchStockSchedule的实例 交给Spring 管理)、@Value/@ AutoWired/@Resouce 等注解 的成员变量等赋值。

总结:Java变量的初始化顺序为:静态变量或静态语句块(按声明顺序)–>非静态变量或构造代码块(按声明顺序)–>构造方法–>@Value/@Autowired等注解

解决:去掉静态代码块,变量改为非静态成员变量 (如果只去掉静态代码块,静态成员变量还是赋值失败),

对于这种需要提前初始换 成员变量的情况可以采用如下方式(https://blog.csdn.net/g_drive/article/details/80026200)

使用构造器注入的方法,明确了成员变量的加载顺序,这样就可以初始化 categoryList 。如下

 
  1.     private CategoryMapper categoryMapper;

  2. private List<Category> categoryList;

  3.  
  4. @Autowired

  5. public CategoryServiceImpl(CategoryMapper categoryMapper) {

  6. this.categoryMapper = categoryMapper;

  7. this.categoryList = categoryMapper.selectByExample(new CategoryExample());

  8. }

  9.  

问题2:注入properites 属性失败(切记配置PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer.class)

spring 容器启动初始化类:

public class Startup {

    private static   Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Startup.class);
    private static ApplicationContext factory;
    private static void loadSpringContext() {
        factory = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(AppContext.class);
    }

   public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        //加载spring
       System.out.println("start");
        loadSpringContext();
        logger.info(" schedule start  ");
    }
}

注解配置类:该类中需要配置 读取property文件的PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer.class(代码中注释掉的地方)

@Configuration
@ComponentScan(basePackages={"com.wanner.test"})
@EnableScheduling
public class AppContext {

    /*@Bean
    public static PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer propertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer() {
        return new PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer();
    }*/

}

使用 @PropertySource注解需要注意以下几个地方:
1 、使用注解需要将类申明被扫描为一个bean,可以使用@Component 注解
2、@PropertySource(value = "classpath:properties/config_userbean.properties",ignoreResourceNotFound = true) 表示注入配置文件,并且忽略配置文件不存在的异常

3、必须返回一个 PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer 的bean,否则,会不能识别@Value("${userBean.name}") 注解中的 ${userBean.name}指向的value,而会注入${userBean.name}的字符串,返回 PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer 的方法,使用@Bean注解,表示返回的是个bean

为什么要返回一个 PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer 的bean呢?让我们来看看源码吧.

PS:因为前面本人对 PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer 理解有误,导致下面解释的模棱两可,因为spring是通过PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer 内locations来查找属性文件,然后在根据注解将匹配的属性set进去,而下面的注释解释,是表示用注解可以做一些什么操作..

public class PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer extends PlaceholderConfigurerSupport
        implements EnvironmentAware {

    /**
     * {@value} is the name given to the {@link PropertySource} for the set of
     * {@linkplain #mergeProperties() merged properties} supplied to this configurer.
     */
    public static final String LOCAL_PROPERTIES_PROPERTY_SOURCE_NAME = "localProperties";

    /**
     * {@value} is the name given to the {@link PropertySource} that wraps the
     * {@linkplain #setEnvironment environment} supplied to this configurer.
     */
    public static final String ENVIRONMENT_PROPERTIES_PROPERTY_SOURCE_NAME = "environmentProperties";


    private MutablePropertySources propertySources;

    private PropertySources appliedPropertySources;

    private Environment environment;

    下面代码省略.....

上面源码,并没能看出为什么一定要返回这个bean,那么我看就看看他的父类 PlaceholderConfigurerSupport 吧.以下是父类的源码

/**
 * Abstract base class for property resource configurers that resolve placeholders
 * in bean definition property values. Implementations <em>pull</em> values from a
 * properties file or other {@linkplain org.springframework.core.env.PropertySource
 * property source} into bean definitions.
 *
 * <p>The default placeholder syntax follows the Ant / Log4J / JSP EL style:
 *
 *<pre class="code">${...}</pre>
 *
 * Example XML bean definition:
 *
 *<pre class="code">{@code
 *<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"/>
 *    <property name="driverClassName" value="}${driver}{@code "/>
 *    <property name="url" value="jdbc:}${dbname}{@code "/>
 *</bean>
 *}</pre>
 *
 * Example properties file:
 *
 * <pre class="code"> driver=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
 * dbname=mysql:mydb</pre>
 *
 * Annotated bean definitions may take advantage of property replacement using
 * the {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value @Value} annotation:
 *
 *<pre class="code">@Value("${person.age}")</pre>
 *
 * Implementations check simple property values, lists, maps, props, and bean names
 * in bean references. Furthermore, placeholder values can also cross-reference
 * other placeholders, like:
 *
 *<pre class="code">rootPath=myrootdir
 *subPath=${rootPath}/subdir</pre>
 *
 * In contrast to {@link PropertyOverrideConfigurer}, subclasses of this type allow
 * filling in of explicit placeholders in bean definitions.
 *
 * <p>If a configurer cannot resolve a placeholder, a {@link BeanDefinitionStoreException}
 * will be thrown. If you want to check against multiple properties files, specify multiple
 * resources via the {@link #setLocations locations} property. You can also define multiple
 * configurers, each with its <em>own</em> placeholder syntax. Use {@link
 * #ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders} to intentionally suppress throwing an exception if a
 * placeholder cannot be resolved.
 *
 * <p>Default property values can be defined globally for each configurer instance
 * via the {@link #setProperties properties} property, or on a property-by-property basis
 * using the default value separator which is {@code ":"} by default and
 * customizable via {@link #setValueSeparator(String)}.
 *
 * <p>Example XML property with default value:
 *
 *<pre class="code">{@code
 *  <property name="url" value="jdbc:}${dbname:defaultdb}{@code "/>
 *}</pre>
 *
 * @author Chris Beams
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 3.1
 * @see PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer
 * @see org.springframework.context.support.PropertySourcesPlaceholderConfigurer
 */
public abstract class PlaceholderConfigurerSupport extends PropertyResourceConfigurer
      implements BeanNameAware, BeanFactoryAware {

   /** Default placeholder prefix: {@value} */
   public static final String DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX = "${";

   /** Default placeholder suffix: {@value} */
   public static final String DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX = "}";

   /** Default value separator: {@value} */
   public static final String DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR = ":";


   /** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX} */
   protected String placeholderPrefix = DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX;

   /** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX} */
   protected String placeholderSuffix = DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX;

   /** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR} */
   protected String valueSeparator = DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR;

   protected boolean ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders = false;

   protected String nullValue;

   private BeanFactory beanFactory;

   private String beanName;

类注释表示的是,该类所起的作用,替代了xml文件的哪些操作,我们只需要看下面定义的一个常量注解就能大概知道,为什么需要返回这么一个bean了.

类注释上有这么一句话:表示可以用带注释的bean,可以利用属性符号进行替换

* Annotated bean definitions may take advantage of property replacement using
* the {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value @Value} annotation:
*
*<pre class="code">@Value("${person.age}")</pre>

 属性注释:

/** Default placeholder prefix: {@value} */
public static final String DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX = "${";

/** Default placeholder suffix: {@value} */
public static final String DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX = "}";

/** Default value separator: {@value} */
public static final String DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR = ":";


/** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX} */
protected String placeholderPrefix = DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_PREFIX;

/** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX} */
protected String placeholderSuffix = DEFAULT_PLACEHOLDER_SUFFIX;

/** Defaults to {@value #DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR} */
protected String valueSeparator = DEFAULT_VALUE_SEPARATOR;

protected boolean ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders = false;

 从上面注解可以发现,使用的 默认前缀是:  '${',  而后缀是:  '}' ,默认的分隔符是 ':', 但是set方法可以替换掉默认的分隔符,而 ignoreUnresolvablePlaceholders 默认为 false,表示会开启配置文件不存在,抛出异常的错误.

从上面就能看出这个bean所起的作用,就是将@propertySource注解的bean注入属性的作用,如果没有该bean,则不能解析${}符号.

在spring 4.0以后,spring增加了@PropertySources 注解,下面是源码

/**
 * Container annotation that aggregates several {@link PropertySource} annotations.
 *
 * <p>Can be used natively, declaring several nested {@link PropertySource} annotations.
 * Can also be used in conjunction with Java 8's support for <em>repeatable annotations</em>,
 * where {@link PropertySource} can simply be declared several times on the same
 * {@linkplain ElementType#TYPE type}, implicitly generating this container annotation.
 *
 * @author Phillip Webb
 * @since 4.0
 * @see PropertySource
 */
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface PropertySources {
   PropertySource[] value();
}
 
从源码的注释,可以看到自4.0以后,@PropertySources注解,可以使用多个@PropertySource注解,代码如下:
@PropertySources(
      {
            @PropertySource("classpath:properties/config_userbean.properties"),
            @PropertySource("classpath:properties/config_mysql.properties")
      }
)
 
有时候使用@PropertySource 注解会报 找不到这个注解的错误,但是spring确实是3.1以上版本,而且并不影响项目的使用,这样的话,可以使用@propertySources 注解嵌套@propertySource注解,这样就不会报错了

补充:

//执行一个class 的mian 方法时执行顺序:(优先级从高到低。)静态代码块>mian方法>构造代码块>构造方法。

其中静态代码块只执行一次。构造代码块在每次创建对象是都会执行。

普通代码块:在方法或语句中出现的{}就称为普通代码块。普通代码块和一般的语句执行顺序由他们在代码中出现的次序决定--“先出现先执行”
构造块:直接在类中定义且没有加static关键字的代码块称为{}构造代码块。构造代码块在创建对象时被调用,每次创建对象都会被调用,并且构造代码块的执行次序优先于类构造函数。
静态代码块:在java中使用static关键字声明的代码块。静态块用于初始化类,为类的属性初始化。每个静态代码块只会执行一次。由于JVM在加载类时会执行静态代码块,所以静态代码块先于主方法执行。如果类中包含多个静态代码块,那么将按照"先定义的代码先执行,后定义的代码后执行"。
注意:1 静态代码块不能存在于任何方法体内。2 静态代码块不能直接访问 非静态变量和方法,可通过类的实例对象来访问。

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