Fonctionnement et maintenance Linux --- utiliser le système de gestion de base de données MariaDB

Others 2021-03-23 08:12:05 views: null

Il convient de noter que si le système Linux est livré avec MySQL ou si le service MySQL a déjà été installé, vous devez désinstaller complètement la base de données MySQL d'origine et la réinstaller. Sinon, une erreur sera signalée lors de l'installation de MariaDB!

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i mysql
mysql57-community-release-el7-8.noarch
mysql-community-server-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-common-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-client-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql-community-client-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64 --nodeps
软件包准备中...
mysql-community-client-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql-community-server-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64 --nodeps
软件包准备中...
mysql-community-server-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
警告：/etc/my.cnf 已另存为 /etc/my.cnf.rpmsave
[root@localhost ~]# find / -name mysql
/root/桌面/mysql-community-server-8.0.18-1.el8.x86_64/etc/logrotate.d/mysql
/root/桌面/mysql-community-server-8.0.18-1.el8.x86_64/usr/lib64/mysql
/root/桌面/mysql-community-server-8.0.18-1.el8.x86_64/var/lib/mysql
/var/lib/mysql
/var/lib/mysql/mysql
/usr/lib64/mysql
/usr/share/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /var/lib/mysql/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /usr/lib64/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /usr/share/mysql
[root@localhost ~]# rm -rf /etc/my.cnf
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i mysql
mysql57-community-release-el7-8.noarch
mysql-community-common-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
mysql-community-libs-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql57-community-release-el7-8.noarch --nodeps
软件包准备中...
mysql57-community-release-el7-8.noarch
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql-community-common-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64 --nodeps
软件包准备中...
mysql-community-common-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64 --nodeps
软件包准备中...
mysql-community-libs-compat-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ev mysql-community-libs-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64 --nodeps软件包准备中...
mysql-community-libs-5.7.28-1.el7.x86_64

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i mysql
[root@localhost ~]#

Installer le service MariaDB

[root@localhost ~]# yum install mariadb mariadb-server
已加载插件：langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is not registered to Red Hat Subscription Management. You can use subscription-manager to register.
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 mariadb.x86_64.1.5.5.44-2.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 mariadb-libs(x86-64) = 1:5.5.44-2.el7，它被软件包 1:mariadb-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64 需要
---> 软件包 mariadb-server.x86_64.1.5.5.44-2.el7 将被 安装
--> 正在处理依赖关系 perl-DBD-MySQL，它被软件包 1:mariadb-server-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64 需要
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 mariadb-libs.x86_64.1.5.5.44-2.el7 将被 安装
---> 软件包 perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64.0.4.023-5.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

================================================================================
 Package                架构           版本                   源           大小
================================================================================
正在安装:
 mariadb                x86_64         1:5.5.44-2.el7         yum         9.0 M
 mariadb-server         x86_64         1:5.5.44-2.el7         yum          11 M
为依赖而安装:
 mariadb-libs           x86_64         1:5.5.44-2.el7         yum         754 k
 perl-DBD-MySQL         x86_64         4.023-5.el7            yum         140 k

事务概要
================================================================================
安装  2 软件包 (+2 依赖软件包)

总下载量：20 M
安装大小：109 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
总计                                                71 MB/s |  20 MB  00:00     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
警告：RPM 数据库已被非 yum 程序修改。
** 发现 2 个已存在的 RPM 数据库问题， 'yum check' 输出如下：
2:postfix-2.10.1-6.el7.x86_64 有缺少的需求 libmysqlclient.so.18()(64bit)
2:postfix-2.10.1-6.el7.x86_64 有缺少的需求 libmysqlclient.so.18(libmysqlclient_18)(64bit)
  正在安装    : 1:mariadb-libs-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                          1/4 
  正在安装    : 1:mariadb-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                               2/4 
  正在安装    : perl-DBD-MySQL-4.023-5.el7.x86_64                           3/4 
  正在安装    : 1:mariadb-server-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                        4/4 
  验证中      : 1:mariadb-libs-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                          1/4 
  验证中      : 1:mariadb-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                               2/4 
  验证中      : perl-DBD-MySQL-4.023-5.el7.x86_64                           3/4 
  验证中      : 1:mariadb-server-5.5.44-2.el7.x86_64                        4/4 

已安装:
  mariadb.x86_64 1:5.5.44-2.el7       mariadb-server.x86_64 1:5.5.44-2.el7      

作为依赖被安装:
  mariadb-libs.x86_64 1:5.5.44-2.el7     perl-DBD-MySQL.x86_64 0:4.023-5.el7    

完毕！
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
[root@localhost ~]#

Démarrez le service MraiaDB

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
[root@localhost ~]#

Initialiser le service MraiaDB

[root@localhost ~]# mysql_secure_installation
/usr/bin/mysql_secure_installation:行379: find_mysql_client: 未找到命令

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user.  If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none):    # 当前数据库密码为空，直接按回车键
OK, successfully used password, moving on...

Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.

Set root password? [Y/n] y     # 输入要为root管理员设置的数据库密码
New password:                  # 再次输入密码
Re-enter new password: 
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
 ... Success!


By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y     # 删除匿名账户
 ... Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] y     # 禁止root管理员从远程登录
 ... Success!

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y     # 删除test数据库并取消对它的访问权限
 - Dropping test database...
 ... Success!
 - Removing privileges on test database...
 ... Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y     # 刷新授权表，让初始化后的设定立即生效
 ... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!
[root@localhost ~]#

Défini sur le pare-feu pour autoriser les demandes d'accès au programme de service de base de données (la base de données occupe le port 3306 par défaut )

[root@localhost ~]# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=mysql
[root@localhost ~]# firewall-cmd --reload

Connectez-vous à la base de données MariaDB

Créer un compte de gestion de base de données

Format: CREATE USER username @ hostname IDENTIFIED BY "password";

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 10
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW databases ;     # 查看数据库（以 ；分号结束）
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> SET password = PASSWORD("123")     # 修改数据库登录密码为：123
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> quit      # 退出数据库
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p     # 重新登录数据库之后，输入刚才设置的新密码
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 11
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE USER Anivd IDENTIFIED BY "123456";    # 创建数据库管理账号Anivd
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql       # 指定使用的数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

#针对MySQL数据库中的user表单向账号Anivd赋予查询、更新、删除、插入等权限
MariaDB [mysql]> SELECT HOST,USER,PASSWORD FROM user WHERE USER="Anivd";    
+------+-------+-------------------------------------------+
| HOST | USER  | PASSWORD                                  |
+------+-------+-------------------------------------------+
| %    | Anivd | *6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9 |
+------+-------+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Gérer les utilisateurs et les autorisations

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u Anivd -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 15
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Explication détaillée de la commande Grant

Accordez au compte Anivd les autorisations de requête , de mise à jour , de suppression , d' insertion, etc. pour la table de données utilisateur dans la base de données MySQL

​[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 16
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server
​
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
​
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
​
MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
​
Database changed
        
         # 下面操作是给账户Anivd针对user表单赋予增删查改的权限！
MariaDB [mysql]> GRANT SELECT,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT ON mysql.user TO Anivd@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
        
         # 赋予账户Anivd权限之后可以查看一下Anivd用户的权限！
MariaDB [mysql]> SHOW GRANTS FOR Anivd@localhost;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for Anivd@localhost                                                    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'Anivd'@'localhost'                                     |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON `mysql`.`user` TO 'Anivd'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [mysql]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Utilisez l'utilisateur Anivd pour vous connecter à la base de données, et vous pourrez voir la base de données MySQL et la table de données utilisateur à ce moment

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u Anivd -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 20
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
+--------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
MariaDB [mysql]> show tables;
+-----------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+-----------------+
| user            |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

La commande revoke supprime l'autorisation de l'utilisateur Anivd d'ajouter, de supprimer, de vérifier et de modifier la table de données utilisateur

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 21
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysql
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed

       # 下面操作是给账户Anivd移除增删查改的权限！
MariaDB [mysql]> REVOKE SELECT,UPDATE,DELETE,INSERT ON mysql.user FROM Anivd@localhost;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
      
       # 查看用户权限
MariaDB [mysql]> SHOW GRANTS FOR Anivd@localhost;
+-------------------------------------------+
| Grants for Anivd@localhost                |
+-------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'Anivd'@'localhost' |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [mysql]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Créer une base de données et une table de données

Créez une base de données nommée chd

[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 22
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server
​
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
​
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
​
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE chd;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| Anivd              |
| chd                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [(none)]>

Créer un chuid de table de données dans la base de données

MariaDB [(none)]> use chd;   切换指定的chd数据库中，在chd数据库中创建表单chuidDatabase changedMariaDB [chd]> CREATE TABLE chuid (name char(15),height int,age int);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
​MariaDB [chd]> DESCRIBE chuid;    查看数据表的结构信息+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field  | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+| name   | char(15) | YES  |     | NULL    |       || height | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       || age    | int(11)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)MariaDB [chd]>

Gérer les fiches techniques et les données

MariaDB [chd]> INSERT INTO chuid(name,height,age) VALUES('chenhuidong','171','27');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [chd]> select * from chuid;
+-------------+--------+------+
| name        | height | age  |
+-------------+--------+------+
| chen |    171 |   27 |
+-------------+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [chd]> UPDATE chuid SET age=26 ;     # 修改数据表，将chuid表中的年龄改为26 
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [chd]> SELECT name,age FROM chuid;   # 使用select命令查看该表的名称和年龄信息
+-------------+------+
| name        | age  |
+-------------+------+
| chen |   26 |
+-------------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [chd]>

Supprimer la table de données chuid

MariaDB [chd]> DELETE FROM chuid;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [chd]> SELECT * FROM chuid;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

Insérer plusieurs données dans la table de données

MariaDB [chd]> INSERT INTO chuid(name,age,height) VALUES('ZHANG','25','170');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [chd]> INSERT INTO chuid(name,age,height) VALUES('li','25','165');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [chd]> INSERT INTO chuid(name,age,height) VALUES('xia','24','163');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [chd]>

Pour rendre les résultats de la requête plus précis, vous devez combiner les commandes select et where. Parmi eux, la commande where est une commande conditionnelle pour faire correspondre les requêtes dans la base de données. En définissant des conditions de requête, vous pouvez trouver uniquement les données qui remplissent les conditions.

MariaDB [chd]> SELECT * FROM chuid WHERE age>25;     # 查找数据表中年龄大于25岁的人
+------+------+--------+
| name | age  | height |
+------+------+--------+
| chen |   26 |    171 |
+------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [chd]> SELECT * FROM chuid WHERE age!=27;    #查找数据表中年龄不等于27岁的人
+-------+------+--------+
| name  | age  | height |
+-------+------+--------+
| chen  |   26 |    171 |
| ZHANG |   25 |    170 |
| li    |   25 |    165 |
| xia   |   24 |    163 |
+-------+------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [chd]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Sauvegarde et restauration de la base de données

Utilisez la commande mysqldump pour sauvegarder la base de données

mysqldump [paramètre] [nom de la base de données]

[root@localhost ~]# mysqldump -u root -p chd > /root/chuidDB.dump   #将chd数据库中的内容导出成一个文件，并保存到root管理员的家目录chuidDB.dump中 
Enter password:     # 输入root管理员的数据库登录密码
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 18
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server
​
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
​
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
​
MariaDB [(none)]> DROP DATABASE chd;       # 删除已创建的数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
+--------------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [(none)]> CREATE DATABASE chd;      # 创建数据库chd
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p chd < /root/chuidDB.dump     # 使用输入重定向符将root家目录中的chuidDB.dump数据库备份文件导入到chd数据库中
Enter password:    # 输入root管理员的数据库登录密码
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 20
Server version: 5.5.44-MariaDB MariaDB Server
​
Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
​
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
​
MariaDB [(none)]> use chd;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
​
Database changed
MariaDB [chd]> SHOW tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_chd |
+---------------+
| chuid         |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
​
MariaDB [chd]> quit
Bye
[root@localhost ~]#

Après vous être connecté à la base de données MariaDB, vous pouvez à nouveau voir la base de données chd et la table de données chuid

La base de données est restaurée avec succès!

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