Mini CFA 考试练习题 Microeconomics

微观经济学部分一共61道题目,第一次刷题正确率66%。
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Q. Economics is the study of:

an economy as a whole.
choices in the presence of limited or scarce resources.
how individuals and companies make decisions to allocate limited resources.

B是对的。经济学是研究有限或稀缺资源(劳动力、实物资产、金融资本等)下的选择。宏观经济学是对整个经济的研究。微观经济学是研究个人和公司如何做出分配有限资源的决定。


Q. If the price of chocolate increases, the quantity of chocolate demanded will most likely:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

B是对的。需求定律指出,需求量与产品价格成反比关系。如果巧克力价格上涨,那么巧克力的需求量就会减少。A和C是不正确的,因为需求规律表明,随着产品价格的上涨,需求量将减少,而不是增加或保持不变。


Q. Which of the following would most likely cause a steel manufacturer to increase the quantity supplied? An increase in:

input costs.
corporate taxes.
the price of steel.

C是正确的。《供应法》规定,当价格上涨时,公司供应的数量就会增加。只有当价格变化时,供应曲线才会发生变化。A是不正确的,因为投入成本的增加将导致供应曲线向左移动,制造商以更高的价格提供相同数量的钢材,或以相同的价格提供较小数量的钢材。B是不正确的,因为公司税的增加将导致供应曲线向左移动,制造商以更高的价格提供相同数量的钢材,或以相同的价格提供较小数量的钢材。


Q. If consumers demand more of a good than sellers find profitable to produce, then sellers’ inventories will tend to:

deplete.
pile up.
remain unchanged.

A是正确的。 当商品的价格低于均衡价格时,消费者对商品的需求将大于生产者发现可以出售的商品,而库存将被耗尽。 B是不正确的,因为当公司愿意提供的商品多于消费者愿意购买的商品时,库存就会堆积。 C是不正确的,因为卖方的库存受消费者需求的影响,并且不会保持不变。


Q. Holding all other factors constant, if the price of a product increases, the demand for a substitute product is most likely to:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

A是正确的。 当产品价格上涨时,对替代产品的需求也会增加。 B是不正确的,因为如果产品价格上涨,对互补产品而非替代产品的需求将减少。 C是不正确的,因为如果产品价格上涨,对替代产品的需求就会增加。


Q. Holding all other factors constant, if the demand for printers increases, the demand for ink cartridges is most likely to:

increase.
decrease.
remain unchanged.

A是正确的。打印机和墨盒是互补产品。因此,如果对打印机的需求增加,对墨盒的需求也会增加。B是不正确的,因为如果打印机和墨盒是替代产品,而不是补充产品,如果打印机的需求增加,对墨盒的需求就会减少。C不正确,因为打印机和墨盒是互补产品。因此,打印机需求的增加将增加对墨盒的需求。


Q. Market equilibrium is a state in the market when, at a particular price and with all other factors remaining unchanged, no buyer or seller has any incentive or desire to change the:

quality of a product that is demanded or supplied.
market for a product that is demanded or supplied.
quantity of a product that is demanded or supplied.

C是正确的。市场均衡是指在某一特定价格下,没有买方或卖方有任何动机或愿望改变某一产品的需求或供应量,而所有其他因素保持不变的市场状态。A是不正确的,因为市场均衡是一个价格,在这个价格上没有过剩的供应或需求,它不考虑产品的质量。B是不正确的,因为市场均衡关系到以特定价格需求或供应的产品的数量,而不是产品的市场。


Q. Which of the following statements best describes price inelasticity? A small change in price produces a:

proportional change in demand.
less than proportional change in demand.
disproportionally larger change in demand.

B是对的。如果价格弹性很低或没有弹性,价格的变化伴随着需求量的低于比例的变化。这意味着需求对价格不太敏感。A是不正确的,因为价格的微小变化会产生需求的比例变化,从而产生良好的展示单位弹性。C是不正确的,因为价格的微小变化会导致对具有高价格弹性的商品需求的不相称的较大变化。


Q. If revenues decrease when the price of a good increases, the price elasticity of this good is most likely:

elastic.
inelastic.
unit elastic.

A是正确的。对于弹性商品来说,价格的上涨将导致数量下降的百分比更大,收入减少。B是不正确的,因为对于非弹性商品,价格下降会导致收入下降。C是不正确的,因为价格变化不影响单位弹性货物的总收入。


Q. For a particular period, a golf course generated revenues of $10,000,000 and incurred costs of $5,000,000. In addition, the implicit costs were $1,000,000. The accounting profit is most likely:

lower than the economic profit.
the same as the economic profit.
higher than the economic profit.

C是正确的。会计利润只考虑显式成本,将从收入和直接成本之间的差额(10000000美元-5000000美元=5000000美元)中得出。
A是不正确的,因为经济利润从会计利润中扣除隐含成本(10000000美元-5000000美元-1000000美元=4000000美元)。
B是不正确的,因为当存在隐性成本时,会计利润和经济利润是不一样的


Q. Which of the following costs is most likely a variable cost for a manufacturing plant?

Energy costs
Interest expense
Insurance expense

A是正确的。能源成本是对生产水平敏感的可变成本。B是不正确的,因为利息费用通常是固定成本,不随生产水平而变化。C是不正确的,因为保险费用通常是固定费用,不随生产水平而变化。


Q. Which of the following statements best describes the effect of lower production on a manufacturing plant’s costs per unit? Average:

total cost will decrease.
fixed cost will decrease.
variable cost will remain fairly constant.

C是正确的。单位产出的平均变动成本或变动成本通常随着生产的变化而保持不变。A是不正确的,因为单位的平均总成本应该随着产量的减少而增加。B是不正确的,因为平均固定成本会增加。固定成本正分散在较少的生产单位上。


Q. Which of the following factors is most likely to affect the pricing of a service?

Production costs
Average age of the workforce
Availability of complementary products

A是正确的。服务定价时考虑生产成本。B是不正确的,因为劳动力的平均年龄不影响定价。C是不正确的,因为替代产品的供应将影响定价,而不是补充产品的供应。


Q. An industry dominated by a small number of large companies is most likely a(n):

monopoly.
oligopoly.
perfect competition.

B是对的。寡头垄断由少数大公司主导,因为进入壁垒很高。A是不正确的,因为垄断是一个市场,只有一家公司生产一种产品,而这种产品没有紧密的替代品,而且有很大的进入障碍。C是不正确的,因为在完全竞争中,有许多买卖双方在一种统一的商品上进行交易,而且没有进入的主要障碍。


Q. A person graphed her consumption of coffee and soda over the past two years as the price of these items changed. Recently, her demand curve for coffee shifted to the left. This change is most likely explained by:

her income declining.
the price of soda rising.
the price of coffee rising.

A是正确的。收入下降将导致需求曲线向左移动;由于预算限制更严格,在每种价格下消耗更少。咖啡价格的变化会引起需求曲线的变化,苏打水价格的上涨会引起咖啡需求曲线右移。B不正确。苏打水价格上涨将导致咖啡需求曲线右移。C不正确。咖啡的价格变化会引起需求曲线的变化


Q. A pharmaceutical company spends large amounts of money on research and development of drugs that treat very rare diseases. Its successful products are patent protected, thereby allowing it to earn abnormal profits for many years. The market environment in which this company operates is most likely described as:

a monopoly.
perfect competition.
monopolistic competition.

A是正确的。赚取异常利润通常会产生竞争对手,但研发所需的大量资金和专利所给予的保护是进入的障碍,这使得该公司成为药品的唯一供应商,而药品的替代品(如果有的话)很少。这些都是纯粹垄断的特征。B不正确。完美的竞争不会获得异常的利润,有许多生产者,也没有进入壁垒。C不正确。垄断竞争涉及到许多销售商,他们以某种方式区分自己的产品,这是一个适度的进入壁垒。在上述情况下,进入壁垒是巨大的。


Q. A group of producers jointly control the production and pricing of the product produced by the group. The type of market environment in which they operate is most likely referred to as a(n):

oligopoly.
monopoly.
free trade zone.

A是正确的。卡特尔是寡头垄断的一种特殊情况,在这种情况下,一组生产商共同控制该组生产的产品或服务的生产和定价。欧佩克及其对世界石油市场的影响就是此类组织的一个例子。B不正确。垄断包括一个生产者。C不正确。自由贸易区是指根据国际协定,贸易壁垒、官僚限制等有所减少的地区,它不是一种市场结构形式。


Q. The shift to the right in the demand curve for an item from D to D1 is consistent with a decrease in:

production costs
the price of a close substitute
the price of a close complement

C是正确的。需求曲线向右移动与商品需求增加一致。这种转变很可能会出现,如果价格下降的密切配合,例如,热狗面包是一个密切配合热狗。热狗价格的下降应该会导致对热狗和热狗面包的需求增加。


Q. If a decrease in the selling price of a company’s only product results in an increase in the company’s total revenue, the demand for the company’s product is most likely:

elastic.
inelastic.
unit-elastic.

A是正确的。总收入等于价格乘以销售量。如果对公司产品的需求是有弹性的,其价格的下降将使销售量增加到总收入增加的程度。


Q. An industry has the following characteristics:

high barriers to entry,
domination by a small number of large firms, and
the large size of each firm in the industry causes actions by one firm to affect the others.
The industry structure is best described as being:

a monopoly.
an oligopoly.
monopolistic competition.

B是对的。寡头垄断体现了所有列出的特征。垄断是由单一企业构成的,垄断竞争不存在主要的进入壁垒。


Q. A hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico caused several oil refineries in the area to shut down for a week. Gasoline prices subsequently rose as a result of:

scarcity.
reduced demand.
income elasticity.

A是正确的。炼油厂的关闭导致汽油供应短缺。由于这种资源稀缺,个人和组织的需求无法得到满足,价格随后上涨。B不正确。在本例中,相对于供给而言,存在过度需求。C不正确。收入弹性是指在收入变化的情况下,需求的变化。所描述的问题涉及供应短缺。


Q. Which of the following pairs of goods or services are most likely described as complements?

Hot dogs and hot dog buns
Air travel and train travel
Tickets to an 8 p.m. soccer game and an 8 p.m. stage play

A是正确的。补语是共同消费的商品或服务。热狗和热狗面包通常一起食用。娱乐选择和交通方式不能同时选择,因此是替代品。B不正确。到同一地点的其他交通方式是替代的。C不正确。同时参加两个不同项目的票是替代品。


Q. Which of the following scenarios is most likely consistent with a lower equilibrium price for a company’s good?

Consumer incomes increase; the government imposes higher taxes on businesses.
The demand curve is unchanged; new environmental laws have resulted in an increase in the company’s cost of production.
The supply curve is unchanged; the company’s main competitor completes an extremely successful advertising campaign and the company loses customers.

C是正确的。竞争对手的一次极为成功的广告活动将导致这家公司的需求曲线向左移动。如果供给曲线不变,均衡价格就会下降。这种动态如下图所示,其中原始均衡价格和数量在D和S的交点处。新的需求曲线用虚线(D1)表示。在供给曲线不变的情况下,新的均衡价格(D1和S的交点)处于较低的价格,新的均衡供给量较低。B不正确。较高的生产成本将导致供应曲线向左移动(S1)。在需求不变的情况下,这将导致均衡价格上升。这在右边的图表中用虚线供应曲线(S1)表示,先前的需求曲线(D)不变。新的均衡价格(S1和D的交点)较高,而新的均衡供应量较低。A不正确。在这种情况下,需求曲线和供给曲线都将发生变化,从而产生更高的均衡价格。较高的营业税将导致供给曲线向左移动(S1)。消费者收入增加,需求曲线右移(D1)。综合效应将导致均衡价格上升。这在右边的图表中用虚线供应曲线(S1)和虚线需求曲线(D1)来说明。新的均衡价格(S1和D1的交集)更高,尽管程度将取决于相对位移的大小。


Q. A line representing a perfectly elastic demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical axis and quantity demanded on the horizontal axis. The line is:

vertical.
horizontal.
downward sloping.

B是对的。当价格处于垂直轴上且数量在水平轴上时,完全弹性需求曲线是水平的。A不正确。完全非弹性需求曲线是垂直的。C不正确。正常需求曲线是向下倾斜的。


Q. Which of the following pairs of items most likely has a negative cross-price elasticity of demand?

DVD players and DVDs
Cable TV and satellite TV
Landline phones and cell phones

A是正确的。需求的负交叉价格弹性表示互补商品,因此一种商品的价格下降通常伴随着另一种商品需求量的增加。DVD播放机和DVD是互补产品。其他的情况是相互替代的,所以如果一个价格下降,另一个将被要求更多。替代品表现出正的需求交叉价格弹性。B不正确。有线电视和卫星电视是替代品:替代品表现出正的需求交叉价格弹性。C不正确。固定电话和手机是替代品:替代品表现出正的需求交叉价格弹性。


Q. Monopolistic competition is most likely characterised by:

major barriers to entry.
product differentiation.
government-regulated prices.

B是对的。在垄断竞争中,每一个卖方都可以将其产品区分为买方,并且拥有有限的垄断地位,但不存在主要的进入壁垒。因为销售商可以区分他们的产品,所以商品是以一系列的价格出售的,但不受政府监管。A不正确。垄断竞争中不存在进入的主要障碍。C不正确。因为销售者能够区分他们的产品,所以商品是以一系列的价格出售的,但不受政府监管。


Q. A particular good is defined very narrowly as opposed to more broadly. The most likely result is that the number of available substitutes will be:

large.
small.
unaffected.

A是正确的。如果一种商品的定义非常狭隘,比如一种特定品牌的苏打水,那么就会有很多替代品。当一种商品被定义得更广泛时,比如软饮料,替代品就更少了。B不正确。狭义的好的结果在更多的替代品。C不正确。狭义的好的结果在更多的替代品。


Q. Microeconomics involves the study of:

how interest rates are determined.
how companies decide to allocate scarce resources.
foreign exchange differentials between small countries.

B是对的。微观经济学是经济学的一个分支,研究个人和公司如何做出分配稀缺资源的决定。A不正确。利率是宏观经济问题C是不正确的。外汇是一个宏观经济问题


Q. As the price of a good increases, the quantity:

supplied by companies increases.
demanded by consumers increases.
of complements demanded by consumers increases.

A是正确的。《供应法》规定,当货物价格上涨时,公司供应的货物数量将增加。B不正确。需求定律指出,当价格上涨时,消费者对商品的需求量就会下降。C不正确。补语是经常一起使用的产品。随着商品价格的上涨,商品的需求量和互补品的需求量将下降。


Q. As incomes decrease, if the demand for intercity bus service increases while travel by rail and plane decreases, then intercity bus service is most likely a(n):

normal good.
inferior good.
substitute good.

B是对的。劣质商品是指当收入下降时需求增加的商品。A不正确。随着收入的下降,对正常商品的需求下降。C不正确。对替代品的需求随着价格的变化而变化,而不是由于收入的变化。


Q. An analyst has determined that a company’s supply curve for a good it produces has shifted to the left. Such a shift can be explained by a(n):

increase in labour costs.
decrease in corporate taxes.
increase in the price of the good.

A是正确的。供应曲线的变化是对商品价格以外的因素的反应。较高的生产成本将导致向左转,这意味着公司愿意以同样的价格出售较低数量的产品。B不正确。企业税的降低将导致供给曲线右移。C不正确。价格变化导致供应曲线的变化。


Q. The price elasticity of demand for an item is –3. This means that if the price of the item:

rises by $1, three fewer units will be produced.
increases by $1, three fewer units will be purchased.
decreases by 1%, the quantity purchased will increase by 3%.

C是正确的。需求价格弹性是指需求量相对于价格变化的百分比变化。如果价格下降1%,购买数量将增加3%。B不正确。价格弹性是指百分比变化,而不是单位和货币单位。A不正确。需求的价格弹性不能解决供给问题,也不是以单位和货币为单位的。


Q. Recordable compact discs from various manufacturers are often assumed to be perfect substitutes for one another. If this assumption is correct and one manufacturer lowers its prices, the prices charged by other suppliers will most likely:

fall.
rise.
be unaffected.

A是正确的。定价权是替代品存在的函数。如果产品有许多完美的替代品,一个生产者的降价将导致所有生产者不得不降低价格以保持市场份额。B不正确。如果产品被认为是完美的替代品,一个制造商降低价格将导致其他制造商降低价格。C不正确。如果产品被认为是完美的替代品,一个制造商降低价格将导致其他制造商降低价格。


Q. Economics is defined as the study of:

the economy as a whole.
choices in the presence of scarce resources.
the allocation decisions by individuals, businesses, and governments.

B是对的。经济学是研究有限或稀缺资源下的选择。A不正确。宏观经济学是对整个经济的研究。C不正确。微观经济学是研究个人和企业对稀缺资源的配置。


Q. If consumers buy more of Item Y when the price of Item X falls, X and Y are described as being:

substitutes.
complements.
normal goods.

B是正确的。 补品是一起消费的商品。 如果X的价格下跌,则会消耗更多的价格以及其补码Y。A是不正确的。 如果X和Y是替代品,则Y的需求量会减少,因为Y的相对成本会随着X价格的下降而增加。 C不正确。 普通商品是需求随收入增加而增加的商品。 这里没有提及收入的变化。


Q. A company faces higher production costs for a particular good, but the price of the good remains unchanged. The company’s supply curve will:

shift inward (to the left).
shift outward (to the right).
be unaffected because the price of the good produced is unchanged.

A是正确的。供应曲线的变化是对商品或服务价格以外的因素(如生产成本、技术或税收)的反应。由于生产成本上升,公司愿意在每种价格下减少供应,曲线向左向内移动。B不正确。由于生产成本上升,公司愿意在每种价格下减少供应,曲线向左转。C不正确。由于生产成本上升,公司愿意在每种价格下减少供应,曲线向左向内移动。


Q. When the price of a product increases by 3%, there is a 3% decrease in the quantity demanded. This product is described as being:

inelastic.
unit elastic.
symmetrically elastic.

B是对的。由于需求量的百分比变化与价格的百分比变化相等且相反,因此该产品具有单位(负)弹性。A不正确。如果产品是非弹性的,需求量的变化率将小于价格的变化率。C不正确。这个词是编造的


Q. As a family’s income falls, it purchases more of a particular good. The good is described as a:

luxury good.
normal good.
inferior good.

C是正确的。随着收入的下降,消费者购买更多的次品;这种反应说明收入弹性为负。A不正确。奢侈品具有正的收入弹性,但大于1:随着收入下降,购买的奢侈品要少得多。B不正确。普通商品具有正的收入弹性:随着收入的下降,购买量减少。


Q. A call centre processed 250 calls per hour when 15 workers were employed. When 15 more workers are hired, only 150 additional calls are processed per hour. This relationship between the number of workers employed and output in the call centre is an example of:

economies of scale.
operating leverage.
the law of diminishing returns.

C是正确的。随着更多可变输入(即劳动力)的增加,输出(每小时处理的呼叫)以递减的速度增加。这一结果是收益递减规律的一个例子:总产出增加到400个电话,但最后15名工人的增加比最初15名工人的影响要小。A不正确。当产出可以在不改变固定成本的情况下增加时,就会产生规模经济。B不正确。经营杠杆是指固定成本在生产中的使用程度。


Q. A company with a high degree of operating leverage is one in which the largest proportion of the company’s costs are associated with:

electricity.
raw materials.
property, buildings, and equipment.

C是正确的。经营杠杆是指固定成本在生产中的使用程度。与财产、建筑物和设备相关的成本是固定成本,因为它们不随生产水平而变化,而原材料和电力是可变成本,因为成本随产出水平而变化。A不正确。原材料和电力是可变的经营成本。B不正确。原材料和电力是可变的经营成本。


Q. In the pricing of a product, which of the following can impact the producer’s mark-up? The product’s:

fixed cost
uniqueness
variable cost

B是对的。如果一个产品有一个独特的身份,它是不太敏感的价格,使生产者有能力实现更高的加价。A和C是错误的,因为固定成本和可变成本是生产成本的组成部分,加价是在生产成本之上收取的金额。生产成本不影响加价。


Q. Which of the following statements is true about the profitability of firms in a perfectly competitive market? In the long run, the firms in the industry earn:

normal profits.
abnormal profits.
accounting profits.

A是正确的。在完全竞争的市场中,公司赚取正常利润,这补偿了公司所有者的机会成本(也称为经济利润)。在一个竞争激烈的行业中,只有在短期内才能获得不正常的利润。B不正确。在一个完全竞争的行业中,非正常利润只能在短期内获得。C不正确。从长远来看,一家公司必须同时承担会计成本和机会成本。


Q. An industry would be classified as an oligopoly if it has:

many companies.
high barriers to entry.
short-run abnormal profits.

B是对的。寡头垄断的特征包括进入壁垒高、企业数量少、能够赚取长期异常利润。A不正确。寡头垄断的特征包括公司数量少、进入壁垒高和能够赚取长期异常利润。C不正确。寡头垄断的特征包括公司数量少、进入壁垒高和能够赚取长期异常利润。


Q. The industry structure in which there is a tendency for price collusion between producers is:

a monopoly.
an oligopoly.
monopolistic competition.

B是对的。寡头垄断中存在价格串通的趋势,因为只有少数大的生产商可以轻易串通,扭曲价格,以增加利润。法律法规防止合谋变得更加普遍。A不正确。在垄断中只有一个卖方,因此不可能串通。C不正确。垄断竞争中的销售者很多,他们生产的产品有一定程度的差异化,因此没有很大的串通倾向。


Q. The supply curve for Product X remains unchanged, whereas the price of Product Y, a close substitute, has fallen. The equilibrium price of Product X will be:

lower.
higher.
unchanged.

A是正确的。随着接近替代品Y价格的下降,Y产品的需求量将增加,X产品的需求曲线将向左移动(需求量减少)。在X产品供给曲线不变的情况下,其均衡价格将下降。B不正确。X的需求曲线将向左移动,在供应曲线不变的情况下,X的价格将降低。C不正确。X的需求曲线将向左移动,在供应曲线不变的情况下,X的价格将降低。


Q. The area of Microeconomics covers the study of:

how inflation can impact economic growth.
factors affecting economic growth in small economies.
how individuals and companies decide on allocation of scarce resources.

C是正确的。微观经济学是研究个人和公司如何做出分配稀缺资源的决策。影响一个国家经济增长的因素,如通货膨胀,是宏观经济学的一部分,宏观经济学研究的是整个经济。


Q. If the price of a good increases, a consumer:

will purchase fewer products that are complementary to the good.
through the income effect will purchase cheaper alternatives to the good.
will have less purchasing power, and through the substitution effect, will decrease overall consumption.

A是正确的。随着商品价格的上涨,购买的商品将减少。补充产品与商品一起消费,因此购买的产品也会更少。B不正确。该语句引用替换效果。C不正确。报表是指收入效应。


Q. Which of the following would cause the supply curve for a good to shift to the left?

A decrease in energy costs
A successful advertising campaign that changes consumers’ preferences
The imposition of an employer-paid health care tax for each employee in a company’s workforce

C是正确的。向左移动意味着每种价格的产量都会降低。如果生产成本上升(例如,由于更高的劳动力成本,如医疗税或更高的能源成本),就会出现这种情况。广告活动会影响需求曲线,而不是供应曲线。A不正确。较高而非较低的能源成本将导致供应曲线向左移动。B不正确。成功的广告活动会影响需求曲线,而不是供应曲线。


Q. A survey of household buying habits indicated that, for a particular person, if the price of:

margarine rose by 2%, she purchased 5% more butter;
peanut butter fell by 1%, she purchased 2% more strawberry jam;
movie tickets rose by 6%, she attended 3% fewer movies.
The survey team could reasonably conclude that for this person:

demand for margarine is highly elastic.
movie tickets have a positive income elasticity of demand.
peanut butter and jam have negative cross-price elasticities of demand.

C是正确的。随着花生酱价格的下降,人们会购买更多的花生酱。因为更多的草莓果酱也被购买,这表明这个人认为这两个项目是互补的。


Q. The chief financial officer said in a letter to shareholders that the company earned an economic profit in the current period. Compared with the company’s accounting profit, the economic profit is:

lower.
higher.
the same.

A是正确的。经济利润从收入中扣除显性成本和隐性成本(如机会成本),而会计利润只扣除显性成本。因此,经济利润低于会计利润。B不正确。经济利润低于会计利润,因为它们还扣除了机会成本。C不正确。经济利润低于会计利润,因为它们还扣除了机会成本。


Q. A business uses a milling machine in its production process. As a factor of production, this machine would be classified by economists as:

capital equipment.
industrialisation.
an entrepreneurial resource.

A是正确的。经济学家将生产要素分为四类:自然资源、劳动力、企业家精神和资本设备。机器被列为资本设备。C不正确。创业资源是生产要素,但不适用于机械。B不正确。工业化不是生产要素。


Q. Prior to reaching maximum production capacity, as production rises, average:

fixed costs fall.
total costs rise.
variable costs rise.

A是正确的。平均固定成本随着产量的增加而下降,因为固定成本分布在更多的产出单位上。B不正确。总成本会随着产出的增加而增加,但由于总成本分散在更多的产出单位上,因此平均成本会下降;基本上,AFC下降和AVC保持与产出增加相同。C不正确。平均可变成本可能是不变的,但读数确实表明它们可能会略有下降。


Q. In general, a profit maximising business will attempt to produce up to the point at which its marginal revenue is just equal to its:

marginal cost.
total fixed costs.
average variable cost.

A是正确的。利润最大化的企业将尝试将边际收益设定为边际成本。边际收益是生产者获得额外生产单位的收入,而边际成本是生产额外生产单位的增量成本。B不正确。利润最大化发生时MC = MR C是不正确的。当MC=MR时,利润最大化发生。


Q. The cross-price elasticity of demand for two products is –1.5%. This result indicates that the two products are:

substitutes.
complements.
inferior goods.

B是对的。需求的负交叉价格弹性表明这两种产品是互补的。交叉价格弹性是指一种产品的需求量在另一种产品价格变化的基础上发生的百分比变化。对于补充品来说,随着一种商品价格的上涨,它的消耗量减少,而另一种商品的消耗量也减少。例如,如果电影票价格上涨,爆米花的消费量就会下降。A不正确。一般来说,替代品具有正的需求交叉价格弹性。随着一种商品价格的上涨,对替代品的需求也会增加。C不正确。劣质商品是指需求随着消费收入的增加而减少的商品。这将通过需求的收入弹性来衡量。


Q. Compared with last year, the market equilibrium price for an item is now higher. This scenario arises when the quantity:

supplied decreased with no change in demand.
demanded decreased with an increase in supply.
demanded did not change and the supply increased.

A是正确的。供给减少而需求不变,将导致均衡价格上升。


Q. The demand curve for a good has shifted to the left. The most likely explanation for this shift is that the price of:

the item has risen.
a substitute has fallen.
the item is expected to rise in the future.

B是对的。随着替代品价格的降低,对这种商品的需求减少,需求曲线向左移动。A不正确。价格的变化反映在需求曲线的移动(move)而不是曲线的移动(shift)。C不正确。如果预计未来商品价格会上涨,那么随着消费者在预期价格上涨之前增加购买量,目前的需求曲线将向右移动。


Q. Average fixed costs will continue to fall if a firm’s level of production:

follows the law of diminishing returns.
experiences breakdowns.
exceeds its initial capacity.

A是正确的。收益递减规律表明,在生产能力固定的情况下,随着可变单位的增加,产出收益会下降。然而,由于仍有更多的生产和固定成本没有改变,平均固定成本将下降。B不正确。故障将导致较低的产量,这将导致平均固定成本上升。C不正确。超过初始容量将需要额外的固定资源,这将导致平均固定成本上升。


Q. A printing company quotes the following prices for increasing quantities of business cards:

100 cards for $8.00
250 cards for $9.00
500 cards for $10.00
The price the printer charges for these cards most likely reflects:

economies of scale.
operating leverage.
the law of diminishing returns.

A是正确的。规模经济是指在没有可比的固定成本上升的情况下,由于产出显著增加而节省的成本。打印机在生产特定批次的卡片时面临固定的安装成本。一旦这一成本被覆盖,每生产一张额外的卡就只有一个边际成本,而且更大的数量可以以更低的单价提供。B不正确。经营杠杆是指在生产中使用固定成本的程度。C不正确。当边际产出减少时,随着单一生产要素(如劳动力)的增加,收益递减。


Q. The breakeven point is the output level at which total revenue equals:

variable costs.
opportunity cost.
variable costs plus fixed costs.

C是正确的。盈亏平衡点是总收入等于总成本(即总可变成本加总固定成本)的产出水平。A不正确。固定成本和可变成本都必须包括在内,才能达到收支平衡。B不正确。机会成本在包含显性成本的盈亏平衡概念中被忽略。


Q. A higher price mark-up for a product is unlikely if the product:

is in limited supply.
has many substitutes.
is perceived by consumers to have unique characteristics.

B是对的。如果该产品有许多替代品,就不太可能提高价格。A不正确。供应有限会导致更高的加价C是不正确的。这就是为什么广告业如此有利可图:改变人们对独特性的看法,无论是真实的还是想象的


Q. Which of the following is not a fixed cost?

Rent
Delivery costs
Executive salaries

B是对的。固定成本是指不因生产或销售水平而改变的成本。交付成本根据交付的项目数量而变化,因此被视为可变的,而不是固定的。租金和高管薪酬不会随产出水平而变化,因此是固定成本。A不正确。租金不会随产出水平而变化,因此是固定成本。C不正确。高管薪酬不会随产出水平而变化,因此是固定成本。

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_30262201/article/details/103809681
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