Linux软件包管理
rpm软件包管理
Yum软件包管理
Dnf软件包管理
源码编译安装
准备工作
挂载iso镜像
将光驱挂载到系统中
[root@myserver dev]# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
[root@myserver dev]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs 884M 0 884M 0% /dev
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 901M 9.8M 891M 2% /run
tmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/cl_myserver-root 17G 5.2G 12G 31% /
/dev/sdb1 5.0G 68M 5.0G 2% /data/sdb1
/dev/sda1 976M 194M 716M 22% /boot
tmpfs 181M 16K 181M 1% /run/user/0
tmpfs 181M 1.2M 179M 1% /run/user/42
/dev/sr0 6.7G 6.7G 0 100% /mnt
Rpm软件包管理
windows ：exe ；mac OS ：dmg ；Linux：rpm
当我们的应用可以直接安装的时候建议使用rpm直接安装。但是当我们的应用需要依赖于其他的包的时候rpm就会变得很难受。
rpm 命令使用方法
rpm -qa | grep xz ：查看所有已经安装的包
rpm -ivh xxx.rpm : 安装xxx.rpm
rpm -e xxx : 卸载 xxx
rpm -Uvh xxx.rpm : 更新xxx.rpm
cd /mnt/BaseOS/Packages
## 查找包是否已经安装
[root@myserver Packages]# rpm -qa | grep xz
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
## 获取相关的RPM包
[root@myserver Packages]# ls | grep xz
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.i686.rpm
xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.i686.rpm
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
## 开始安装
[root@myserver Packages]# rpm -ivh xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
Verifying... ################################# [100%]
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8 ################################# [100%]
## 验证是否安装成功
[root@myserver Packages]# rpm -qa | grep xz
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
## 卸载
[root@myserver Packages]# rpm -e xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
[root@myserver Packages]# rpm -qa | grep xz
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
Yum软件包管理工具
yum仓库概念=== yum源
源配置需要的是一个xxx.repo文件， /etc/yum.repos.d/
yum remove xz-devel: 卸载xz-devel
yum -y install xz-devel : 安装xz-devel -y不用交互方式。
yum update xz-devel：更新xz-devel
yum clean all ：清理缓存
操作前准备: 备份初始源
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# mkdir bak
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls
bak CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo
CentOS-AppStream.repo CentOS-Devel.repo CentOS-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Extras.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-centosplus.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-HA.repo
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo bak/
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls
bak
yum源文件格式
[BaseOS] ## 仓库名称
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base ## 仓库描述
baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir/$releasever/BaseOS/$basearch/os/ ## 源地址 【在线HTTP|FILE本地文件】
gpgcheck=1 ## 证书验证
enabled=1 ## 是否启动
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
配置本地YUM
[myrepo]
name=My first repo test.
baseurl=file:///mnt/BaseOS/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
[root@myserver ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls
bak
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# vim myrepo.repo
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls
bak myrepo.repo
[root@myserver ~]# yum repolist
repo id repo name
myrepo My first repo test.
[root@myserver ~]# rpm -qa | grep xz
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
[root@myserver ~]# yum install xz*
My first repo test. 24 MB/s | 2.2 MB 00:00
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Sun 21 Jun 2020 10:00:03 PM EDT.
Package xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 is already installed.
Package xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 is already installed.
Dependencies resolved.
===================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===================================================================================
Installing:
xz-devel x86_64 5.2.4-3.el8 myrepo 62 k
Transaction Summary
===================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 62 k
Installed size: 202 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1
Running scriptlet: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1
Installed products updated.
Installed:
xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
Complete!
[root@myserver ~]# rpm -qa | grep xz
xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64
[root@myserver ~]# yum remove xz-devel Dependencies resolved. ================================================================================================ Package Architecture Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Removing: xz-devel x86_64 5.2.4-3.el8 @myrepo 202 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Remove 1 Package Freed space: 202 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Erasing : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Removed: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 Complete!
在线YUM源
备份本地yum，创建新的在线yum源
[root@myserver ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls bak myrepo.repo [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# mv myrepo.repo myrepo.repo~ [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ls bak myrepo.repo~ [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# vim myrepo.repo
[myrepo] name=My first repo test. baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/ gpgcheck=0 enabled=1
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# yum -y install xz-devel My first repo test. 537 kB/s | 2.2 MB 00:04 Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:01 ago on Sun 21 Jun 2020 10:09:55 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ================================================================================================ Package Architecture Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Installing: xz-devel x86_64 5.2.4-3.el8 myrepo 62 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Install 1 Package Total download size: 62 k Installed size: 202 k Downloading Packages: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm 105 kB/s | 62 kB 00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 104 kB/s | 62 kB 00:00 Running transaction check Transaction check succeeded. Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded. Running transaction Preparing : 1/1 Installing : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Running scriptlet: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 1/1 Installed products updated. Installed: xz-devel-5.2.4-3.el8.x86_64 Complete!
FAQ
[root@myserver yum.repos.d]# yum -y install xz-devel My first repo test. 0.0 B/s | 0 B 00:00 Errors during downloading metadata for repository 'myrepo': - Curl error (6): Couldn't resolve host name for https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/repodata/repomd.xml [Could not resolve host: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn] Error: Failed to download metadata for repo 'myrepo': Cannot download repomd.xml: Cannot download repodata/repomd.xml: All mirrors were tried [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ping www.baidu.com ping: www.baidu.com: Name or service not known ## 重新获取地址信息 [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# dhclient [root@myserver yum.repos.d]# ping www.baidu.com PING www.a.shifen.com (61.135.169.121) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 61.135.169.121 (61.135.169.121): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=4.68 ms 64 bytes from 61.135.169.121 (61.135.169.121): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=4.92 ms --- www.a.shifen.com ping statistics --- 2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 2ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 4.675/4.795/4.916/0.138 ms
Dnf软件包管理工具
DNF是Dandified yum的缩写。DNF也是基于RPM的包管理工具，其首先在Fedora系统中出现，已经成为Fedora系统的默认的包管理工具。
比Yum要简单、消耗更少内容、依赖包解析速度更快
xz-devel
dnf list installed：列出所有已安装的包
dnf search ：查找包
dnf install：安装命令
dnf reinstall ：重新安装
dnf download ：下载包
dnf check-update：检查更新
dnf update ：更新
dnf repolist all ：查看所有可用的源
dnf remove ：卸载软件
dnf clean all ：清除缓存
源码编译安装
创建归档
tar cf 归档名称 文件
tar xf 归档名称 -C 指定解包路径
[root@myserver ~]# tar cf mytestfile.tar a.txt b.txt c.txt [root@myserver ~]# ls a b.txt Documents Music Pictures test anaconda-ks.cfg c.txt Downloads mytestfile Public Videos a.txt Desktop initial-setup-ks.cfg mytest.txt Templates [root@myserver ~]# file mytestfile.tar mytestfile: POSIX tar archive (GNU) [root@myserver ~]# tar xf mytestfile.tar -C /opt/ [root@myserver ~]# ls /opt/ a.txt b.txt c.txt
压缩包 tar.gz
[root@myserver ~]# tar zcf mytestfile.tar.gz a.txt b.txt c.txt [root@myserver ~]# ls a c.txt initial-setup-ks.cfg mytest.txt test anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop Music Pictures Videos a.txt Documents mytestfile Public b.txt Downloads mytestfile.tar.gz Templates [root@myserver ~]# file mytestfile.tar.gz mytestfile.tar.gz: gzip compressed data, last modified: Mon Jun 22 12:38:35 2020, from Unix, original size 10240 [root@myserver ~]# tar zxf mytestfile.tar.gz -C /mnt/ [root@myserver ~]# ls /mnt/ a.txt b.txt c.txt hgfs
源码编译安装过程
下载应用的源码包
wget 下载源码包
解压源码包
默认解压路径 : /usr/local/
tar zxf xxxx -C /usr/local
执行配置文件
执行编译
执行编译安装
[root@myserver ~]# wget http://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz --2020-06-22 08:44:02-- http://zlib.net/zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz Resolving zlib.net (zlib.net)... 68.66.224.49 Connecting to zlib.net (zlib.net)|68.66.224.49|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 607698 (593K) [application/x-gzip] Saving to: \u2018zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz\u2019 zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz 100%[=======================>] 593.46K 11.4KB/s in 49s 2020-06-22 08:44:47 (12.2 KB/s) - \u2018zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz\u2019 saved [607698/607698]
[root@myserver ~]# ls a c.txt initial-setup-ks.cfg mytest.txt test anaconda-ks.cfg Desktop Music Pictures Videos a.txt Documents mytestfile Public zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz b.txt Downloads mytestfile.tar.gz Templates [root@myserver ~]# tar zxf zlib-1.2.11.tar.gz -C /usr/local/ [root@myserver ~]# ls /usr/local/ bin etc games include lib lib64 libexec sbin share src zlib-1.2.11 [root@myserver ~]# cd /usr/local/zlib-1.2.11/ [root@myserver zlib-1.2.11]# ls adler32.c examples inflate.c README zlib.3 amiga FAQ inflate.h test zlib.3.pdf ChangeLog gzclose.c inftrees.c treebuild.xml zlib.h CMakeLists.txt gzguts.h inftrees.h trees.c zlib.map compress.c gzlib.c Makefile trees.h zlib.pc.cmakein configure gzread.c Makefile.in uncompr.c zlib.pc.in contrib gzwrite.c make_vms.com watcom zutil.c crc32.c INDEX msdos win32 zutil.h crc32.h infback.c nintendods zconf.h deflate.c inffast.c old zconf.h.cmakein deflate.h inffast.h os400 zconf.h.in doc inffixed.h qnx zlib2ansi [root@myserver zlib-1.2.11]#
开始编译 https://www.nginx.cn/install
编译之前首先需要安装gcc gcc-c++ 编译器
yum -y install gcc automake autoconf libtool make yum install gcc gcc-c++`
[root@myserver zlib-1.2.11]# ./configure Checking for gcc... Checking for shared library support... Building shared library libz.so.1.2.11 with gcc. Checking for size_t... Yes. Checking for off64_t... Yes. Checking for fseeko... Yes. Checking for strerror... Yes. Checking for unistd.h... Yes. Checking for stdarg.h... Yes. Checking whether to use vs[n]printf() or s[n]printf()... using vs[n]printf(). Checking for vsnprintf() in stdio.h... Yes. Checking for return value of vsnprintf()... Yes. Checking for attribute(visibility) support... Yes.
[root@myserver zlib-1.2.11]# make [root@myserver zlib-1.2.11]# make install rm -f /usr/local/lib/libz.a cp libz.a /usr/local/lib chmod 644 /usr/local/lib/libz.a cp libz.so.1.2.11 /usr/local/lib chmod 755 /usr/local/lib/libz.so.1.2.11 rm -f /usr/local/share/man/man3/zlib.3 cp zlib.3 /usr/local/share/man/man3 chmod 644 /usr/local/share/man/man3/zlib.3 rm -f /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/zlib.pc cp zlib.pc /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig chmod 644 /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/zlib.pc rm -f /usr/local/include/zlib.h /usr/local/include/zconf.h cp zlib.h zconf.h /usr/local/include chmod 644 /usr/local/include/zlib.h /usr/local/include/zconf.h