人工智能的未来———因果推理：Causal Inference: What If chapter1 A DEFINITION OF CAUSAL EFFECT 文章解读

目录

Chapter 1

A DEFINITION OF CAUSAL EFFECT

1.1 Individual causal effects

1、a formal definition of a causal effect for an individual:

2、potential outcomes and counterfactual outcomes（潜在结果和反事实结果）