4、数据文件的备份与恢复

企业开发 2023-04-08 01:29:15 阅读次数: 0

1、概念

备份数据文件可以使用copy和backup命令，两者的区别在于：

copy命令备份时，备份数据文件中的所有数据块（包括空白块），而

backup命令，则备份高水位以下的块（忽略空白块）。

  1. 使用copy命令备份数据文件

输入report schema获取目标数据库的模式结构;

RMAN> report schema;

Report of database schema for database with db_unique_name ORCL

List of Permanent Datafiles
===========================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           RB segs Datafile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ------- ------------------------
1    930      SYSTEM               YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf
2    512      TEST                 NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/test01.DBF
3    1170     SYSAUX               NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf
4    335      UNDOTBS1             YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf
5    2424     WMS                  NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/wms01.DBF
7    5        USERS                NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf

List of Temporary Files
=======================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           Maxsize(MB) Tempfile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ----------- --------------------
1    32       TEMP                 32767       /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/temp01.dbf

2.1 备份数据文件

使用copy datafile 备份数据文件

RMAN> copy datafile 1 to '/app/rmanbak/system01.dbf';

备份数据文件完成后，我们查询备份列表

RMAN> list copy of datafile 1;

2.2 恢复数据文件

我们模拟给数据库插入1条数据，并删除1号数据文件

SQL> insert into t1 values(3,'Jerry');
SQL> commit;
SQL> select file_id,file_name from dba_data_files order by 1;
   FILE_ID FILE_NAME
---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf
         2 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/test01.DBF
         3 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf
         4 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf
         5 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/wms01.DBF
         7 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf
6 rows selected
SQL> host rm /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

由于缺少数据文件，数据重启只能启动到mount状态。

SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 8002730448 bytes
Fixed Size    8915408 bytes
Variable Size 1308622848 bytes
Database Buffers 6677331968 bytes
Redo Buffers    7860224 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf'
SQL>  select status from v$instance;

STATUS
------------
MOUNTED

使用RMAN还原数据文件

RMAN> restore datafile 1;

2.3 还原数据文件

数据库恢复完成，我们还原数据文件

RMAN> recover datafile 1;

2.4 验证数据库

我们打开数据库，查询数据是否正确

RMAN> alter database open;
SQL> select * from t1;
        ID NAME
---------- --------------------------------------------------
         1 Tome
         2 Jerry
         3 Jerry

3、使用backup命令备份数据文件

输入report schema获取目标数据库的模式结构

RMAN> report schema;

3.1 备份数据文件SYSTEM

RMAN> backup datafile 1 format '/app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_%d_%s_%p_%T';

查看备份信息

RMAN> list backup of datafile 1;

3.2 备份时限制备份片的大小

RMAN> RUN{
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK MAXPIECESIZE 100M;
BACKUP datafile 1 FORMAT '/app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_%d_%s_%p_%T';
CONFIGURE CHANNEL DEVICE TYPE DISK clear;
};

查看备份信息：注意观察247

RMAN> list backup of datafile 1;


List of Backup Sets
===================


BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time    
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
244     Full    815.38M    DISK        00:00:01     2023-02-14 11:33:18
        BP Key: 269   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230214T113317
        Piece Name: /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_312_1_20230214
  List of Datafiles in backup set 244
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time            Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
  1       Full 10309789   2023-02-14 11:33:17              NO    /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time    
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
247     Full    815.63M    DISK        00:00:08     2023-02-14 13:00:10
  List of Datafiles in backup set 247
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time            Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
  1       Full 10312942   2023-02-14 13:00:02              NO    /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

  Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 247
  Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time     Compressed Tag
  ----------- ------------ ------------------- ---------- ---
  DISK        00:00:08     2023-02-14 13:00:10 NO         TAG20230214T130002

    List of Backup Pieces for backup set 247 Copy #1
    BP Key  Pc# Status      Piece Name
    ------- --- ----------- ----------
    1723    1   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_1_20230214
    1724    2   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_2_20230214
    1725    3   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_3_20230214
    1726    4   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_4_20230214
    1727    5   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_5_20230214
    1728    6   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_6_20230214
    1729    7   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_7_20230214
    1730    8   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_8_20230214
    1731    9   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_9_20230214

3.3 备份时压缩备份集

RMAN> backup as compressed backupset datafile 1 format='/app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_%d_%s_%p_%T.dbf';

查看备份信息：注意观察249

RMAN> list backup of datafile 1;


List of Backup Sets
===================


BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time    
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
244     Full    815.38M    DISK        00:00:01     2023-02-14 11:33:18
        BP Key: 269   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: NO  Tag: TAG20230214T113317
        Piece Name: /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_312_1_20230214
  List of Datafiles in backup set 244
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time            Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
  1       Full 10309789   2023-02-14 11:33:17              NO    /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time    
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
247     Full    815.63M    DISK        00:00:08     2023-02-14 13:00:10
  List of Datafiles in backup set 247
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time            Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
  1       Full 10312942   2023-02-14 13:00:02              NO    /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

  Backup Set Copy #1 of backup set 247
  Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time     Compressed Tag
  ----------- ------------ ------------------- ---------- ---
  DISK        00:00:08     2023-02-14 13:00:10 NO         TAG20230214T130002

    List of Backup Pieces for backup set 247 Copy #1
    BP Key  Pc# Status      Piece Name
    ------- --- ----------- ----------
    1723    1   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_1_20230214
    1724    2   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_2_20230214
    1725    3   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_3_20230214
    1726    4   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_4_20230214
    1727    5   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_5_20230214
    1728    6   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_6_20230214
    1729    7   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_7_20230214
    1730    8   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_8_20230214
    1731    9   AVAILABLE   /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_315_9_20230214

BS Key  Type LV Size       Device Type Elapsed Time Completion Time    
------- ---- -- ---------- ----------- ------------ -------------------
249     Full    234.41M    DISK        00:00:24     2023-02-14 13:03:50
        BP Key: 1733   Status: AVAILABLE  Compressed: YES  Tag: TAG20230214T130326
        Piece Name: /app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_SYSTEM_ORCL_317_1_20230214.dbf
  List of Datafiles in backup set 249
  File LV Type Ckp SCN    Ckp Time            Abs Fuz SCN Sparse Name
  ---- -- ---- ---------- ------------------- ----------- ------ ----
  1       Full 10313269   2023-02-14 13:03:26              NO    /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

3.4 恢复数据文件

如果有多个备份集，默认使用最新的备份集恢复数据。和往常一样，我们模拟插入数据，删除数据库文件

SQL> insert into t1 values(444,'John');
SQL> commit; 
SQL> select file_id,file_name from dba_data_files order by 1;
   FILE_ID FILE_NAME
---------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         1 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf
         2 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/test01.DBF
         3 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf
         4 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf
         5 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/wms01.DBF
         7 /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf
6 rows selected
SQL> host rm /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf

由于缺少数据文件，数据重启只能启动到mount状态。

SQL> startup force;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 8002730448 bytes
Fixed Size    8915408 bytes
Variable Size 1308622848 bytes
Database Buffers 6677331968 bytes
Redo Buffers    7860224 bytes
Database mounted.
ORA-01157: cannot identify/lock data file 1 - see DBWR trace file
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf'
SQL>  select status from v$instance;

STATUS
------------
MOUNTED

使用RMAN还原数据文件、恢复数据文件、打开数据库

RMAN> run {restore datafile 1;
recover datafile 1;
alter database open;}

查看t1表中的数据

SQL> SELECT * FROM t1;
        ID NAME
---------- --------------------------------------------------
         1 Tome
         2 Jerry
         3 Jerry
         4 Jerry
       444 John

4、恢复数据文件时改变数据文件的位置

默认情况下，数据文件恢复到原来的位置。也可以改变数据文件恢复之后的位置，步骤如下：

输入report schema获取目标数据库的模式结构

RMAN> report schema;

Report of database schema for database with db_unique_name ORCL

List of Permanent Datafiles
===========================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           RB segs Datafile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ------- ------------------------
1    930      SYSTEM               YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf
2    512      TEST                 NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/test01.DBF
3    1170     SYSAUX               NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf
4    335      UNDOTBS1             YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf
5    2424     WMS                  NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/wms01.DBF
7    5        USERS                NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf

List of Temporary Files
=======================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           Maxsize(MB) Tempfile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ----------- --------------------
1    32       TEMP                 32767       /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/temp01.dbf

4.1 备份数据文件TEST

RMAN> backup datafile 2 format '/app/rmanbak/DATAFILE_TEST_%d_%s_%p_%T.dbf';

删除test01.dbf

SQL> host rm /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/test01.DBF
SQL> startup force;

如上数据库无法启动。

4.2 恢复数据文件data02并且改变位置

把数据文件data02.dbf保存到/app/oracle/datafile目录下。

RMAN> run {set newname for datafile 2 to '/app/oracle/datafile/test.dbf';    
restore datafile 2;
switch datafile all;
recover datafile 2;
alter database open;}

4.3查看数据文件信息

可以发现，数据文件test01的位置已经发生了变化。

RMAN> report schema;

Report of database schema for database with db_unique_name ORCL

List of Permanent Datafiles
===========================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           RB segs Datafile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ------- ------------------------
1    930      SYSTEM               YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf
2    512      TEST                 NO      /app/oracle/datafile/test.dbf
3    1170     SYSAUX               NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf
4    335      UNDOTBS1             YES     /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf
5    2424     WMS                  NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/wms01.DBF
7    5        USERS                NO      /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf

List of Temporary Files
=======================
File Size(MB) Tablespace           Maxsize(MB) Tempfile Name
---- -------- -------------------- ----------- --------------------
1    32       TEMP                 32767       /app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/temp01.dbf

数据库文件的备份还原就此结束，有什么疑问可以评论留言！！！

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