Maven - Maven 核心概念一网打尽：轻松掌握项目构建与管理技巧

企业开发 2023-08-18 17:34:42 阅读次数: 0

文章目录


在这里插入图片描述

基本信息

仓库信息

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Maven 中引入了仓库的概念，开发人员将所编写的 JAR 按照相应格式推送到仓库中。

其他开发者需要引用这个 jar 包时，在工程中引用相应依赖，则会先从本地仓库进行下载。对于部分组织或机构，通常会在此基础上额外搭建私人仓库。

在引用依赖时会先从私人仓库进行读取，如果未找到再从中央仓库下载至私人仓库，最后再下载到本地仓库。

通过这种方式开发者则无需再手动管理繁杂的项目 JAR 包，从而实现更高的效率。

配置信息

一个最基本的 Maven 项目通常应包含如下内容，当我们引用一个模块时，也是通过 groupId、 artifactId、 version AVG 三项内容进行确定

groupId 通常为组织或公司域名反写。

artifactId 项目的名称。

version 项目的版本信息

name 项目的简称

description 项目的简要描述

举个例子

在这里插入图片描述

依赖管理

依赖引入

通过 dependencies 标签我们即可导入所需要的工程依赖。

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-mail</artifactId>
        <version>xxxx</version>
        <scope>runtime</scope>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

其中

compile 编译时需要用到该 JAR 包（默认）

runtime 编译时不需要，但运行时需要用到。

provided 编译时需要用到，但运行时由 JDK 或某个服务器提供。

test 编译Test时需要用到该 JAR 包。

optional 标签禁用依赖传递

间接依赖

当项目需要引用到其它依赖时，只需指定所依赖的工程的基本信息即可，剩下的一切都交给 Maven 处理。即便是所要依赖的工程依赖了其它工程，我们也只需引入项目所直接的依赖的工程。

在这里插入图片描述

依赖顺序

在 maven 工程中遵循先定义先导入的原则，即当存在多个相同间接依赖，优先导入其父依赖定义在前的简洁依赖。

举个例子，如工程中引入 Dependency-A 与 Dependency-B 两个依赖，二者又分别引用了不同版本的 Dependency-C ，但对于 Maven 而言最终编译时同一个依赖即便是不同的版本也只会选择一份。

在这里插入图片描述

其计算规则如下：若 Dependency-A 定义在 Dependency-B 之前则最终将导入 Dependency-A 中的 C-1.0 版本。

而在右侧图例中虽然 Dependency-A 引入优先级高于 Dependency-B ，但是 C-2.0 的间接依赖层级高于 C-1.0，因此将导入 C-2.0 版本。

依赖排除

在引用多个模块时可能会发生版本兼容冲突问题，通过 excludes 标签即可实现依赖排除。

在工程中引入了 demo-a 依赖，但其又引用 dependency-b 依赖，如想要在当前工程中移除 dependency-b 依赖，此时即可通过 excludes 标签将 dependency-b 排除依赖

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.artisan</groupId>
        <artifactId>demo-a</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
        <excludes>
            <exclude>
                <groupId>com.little</groupId>
                <artifactId>dependency-b</artifactId>
                <version>1.0.0</version>
            </exclude>
        </excludes>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

除了手动通过 excludes 标签排除依赖，被引模块也可以在导入依赖时通过 optional 标签禁用依赖传递。

上述示例中若在 demo-a 工程中引入 dependency-b 依赖时添加 optional 标签，那么其它工程在引入 demo-a 依赖时将不会将 dependency-b 作为间接依赖导入

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.little</groupId>
        <artifactId>dependency-b</artifactId>
        <version>1.0.0</version>
        <optional>true</optional>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

变量配置

当项目中引入了大量依赖，为了方便管理通常将引入依赖的版本通过变量进行统一配置，从而实现更直观的依赖管理。

通过 properties 标签即可自定义变量配置，然后使用 ${} 引用变量

<properties>
    <mysql.version>8.0.30</mysql.version>
    <junit.version>4.13.2</junit.version>
</properties>

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>mysql</groupId>
        <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
        <!-- 使用 "${}" 引用上述自定义变量 -->
        <version>${mysql.version}</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>junit</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
        <version>${junit.version}</version>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

模块配置

当项目包含多个子项目时，通过 modules 标签即可实现模块管理。

模块管理

我们来看下nacos是如何通过modules管理子模块的

在这里插入图片描述
其中包含了 如下子模块

    <!-- Submodule management -->
    <modules>
        <module>config</module>
        <module>core</module>
        <module>naming</module>
        <module>address</module>
        <module>test</module>
        <module>api</module>
        <module>client</module>
        <module>example</module>
        <module>common</module>
        <module>distribution</module>
        <module>console</module>
        <module>cmdb</module>
        <module>istio</module>
        <module>consistency</module>
        <module>auth</module>
        <module>sys</module>
    </modules>

模块继承

通过 parent 即可标记当前模块的父模块，且子模块将会继承父模块中的所有依赖配置。子模块若没有指定的 groupId 和 version 默认继承父模块中的配置。

其中 relativePath 用于指定父模块的 POM 文件目录，省略时默认值为 ../pom.xml 即当前目录的上一级中，若仍未找到则会在本地仓库中寻找。

我们以 nacos-naming 为例 看一下

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关键信息如下：

 <parent>
        <groupId>com.alibaba.nacos</groupId>
        <artifactId>nacos-all</artifactId>
        <version>${revision}</version>
        <relativePath>../pom.xml</relativePath>
    </parent>
    
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
    <artifactId>nacos-naming</artifactId>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>
    
    <name>nacos-naming ${project.version}</name>
    <url>http://nacos.io</url>

其中parent就是 根POM的 AVG信息，如下

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统一管理

依赖管理

假如项目中包含多个模块，且多个模块引用了相同依赖时显然重复引用是不太合适的，而通过 dependencyManagement 即可很好的解决依赖共用的问题。

将项目依赖统一定义在父模块的 dependencyManagement 标签中，子模块只需继承父模块并在 dependencies 引入所需的依赖，便可自动读取父模块 dependencyManagement 所指定的版本。

dependencyManagement 既不会在当前模块引入依赖，也不会给其子模块引入依赖，但其可以被继承的，只有在子模块下同样声明了该依赖，才会引入到模块中，子模块中只需在依赖中引入 groupId 与 artifactId 即可, 也可以指定版本则会进行覆盖。

举个例子

在这里插入图片描述

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
  ~ Copyright 1999-2021 Alibaba Group Holding Ltd.
  ~
  ~ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  ~ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  ~ You may obtain a copy of the License at
  ~
  ~      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  ~
  ~ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  ~ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  ~ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  ~ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  ~ limitations under the License.
  -->
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <inceptionYear>2018</inceptionYear>
    <groupId>com.alibaba.nacos</groupId>
    <artifactId>nacos-all</artifactId>
    <version>${revision}</version>
    <packaging>pom</packaging>
    
    <name>Alibaba NACOS ${project.version}</name>
    <description>Top Nacos project pom.xml file</description>
    <url>http://nacos.io</url>
    <prerequisites>
        <maven>3.2.5</maven>
    </prerequisites>
    
    <scm>
        <url>[email protected]:alibaba/nacos.git</url>
        <connection>scm:[email protected]:alibaba/nacos.git</connection>
        <developerConnection>scm:[email protected]:alibaba/nacos.git</developerConnection>
        <tag>nacos-all-${revision}</tag>
    </scm>
    
    <mailingLists>
        <mailingList>
            <name>Development List</name>
            <subscribe>[email protected]</subscribe>
            <unsubscribe>[email protected]</unsubscribe>
            <post>[email protected]</post>
        </mailingList>
        <mailingList>
            <name>User List</name>
            <subscribe>[email protected]</subscribe>
            <unsubscribe>[email protected]</unsubscribe>
            <post>[email protected]</post>
        </mailingList>
        <mailingList>
            <name>Commits List</name>
            <subscribe>[email protected]</subscribe>
            <unsubscribe>[email protected]</unsubscribe>
            <post>[email protected]</post>
        </mailingList>
    </mailingLists>
    
    <developers>
        <developer>
            <id>Alibaba Nacos</id>
            <name>Nacos</name>
            <url>http://nacos.io</url>
            <email>[email protected]</email>
        </developer>
    </developers>
    
    <licenses>
        <license>
            <name>Apache License, Version 2.0</name>
            <url>http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</url>
            <distribution>repo</distribution>
        </license>
    </licenses>
    
    <organization>
        <name>Alibaba Group</name>
        <url>https://github.com/alibaba</url>
    </organization>
    
    <issueManagement>
        <system>github</system>
        <url>https://github.com/alibaba/nacos/issues</url>
    </issueManagement>
    
    <properties>
        <revision>2.1.0-SNAPSHOT</revision>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
        <!-- Compiler settings properties -->
        <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
        <!-- Maven properties -->
        <maven.test.skip>false</maven.test.skip>
        <maven.javadoc.skip>true</maven.javadoc.skip>
        <sonar.java.coveragePlugin>jacoco</sonar.java.coveragePlugin>
        <!-- Exclude all generated code -->
        <sonar.jacoco.itReportPath>${project.basedir}/../test/target/jacoco-it.exec</sonar.jacoco.itReportPath>
        <sonar.exclusions>file:**/generated-sources/**,**/test/**</sonar.exclusions>
        
        <!-- plugin version -->
        <versions-maven-plugin.version>2.2</versions-maven-plugin.version>
        <dependency-mediator-maven-plugin.version>1.0.2</dependency-mediator-maven-plugin.version>
        <clirr-maven-plugin.version>2.7</clirr-maven-plugin.version>
        <maven-enforcer-plugin.version>1.4.1</maven-enforcer-plugin.version>
        <maven-compiler-plugin.version>3.5.1</maven-compiler-plugin.version>
        <maven-javadoc-plugin.version>2.10.4</maven-javadoc-plugin.version>
        <maven-source-plugin.version>3.0.1</maven-source-plugin.version>
        <maven-pmd-plugin.version>3.8</maven-pmd-plugin.version>
        <apache-rat-plugin.version>0.12</apache-rat-plugin.version>
        <maven-resources-plugin.version>3.0.2</maven-resources-plugin.version>
        <coveralls-maven-plugin.version>4.3.0</coveralls-maven-plugin.version>
        <jacoco-maven-plugin.version>0.7.8</jacoco-maven-plugin.version>
        <maven-surefire-plugin.version>2.20</maven-surefire-plugin.version>
        <findbugs-maven-plugin.version>3.0.4</findbugs-maven-plugin.version>
        <sonar-maven-plugin.version>3.0.2</sonar-maven-plugin.version>
        <maven-gpg-plugin.version>1.6</maven-gpg-plugin.version>
        <maven-failsafe-plugin.version>2.19.1</maven-failsafe-plugin.version>
        <maven-assembly-plugin.version>3.0.0</maven-assembly-plugin.version>
        <maven-checkstyle-plugin.version>3.1.2</maven-checkstyle-plugin.version>
        <maven-flatten-version>1.1.0</maven-flatten-version>
        <!-- dependency version related to plugin -->
        <extra-enforcer-rules.version>1.0-beta-4</extra-enforcer-rules.version>
        <p3c-pmd.version>1.3.0</p3c-pmd.version>
        
        <!-- dependency version -->
        <spring-boot-dependencies.version>2.1.17.RELEASE</spring-boot-dependencies.version>
        <servlet-api.version>3.0</servlet-api.version>
        <commons-io.version>2.7</commons-io.version>
        <commons-collections.version>3.2.2</commons-collections.version>
        <commons-logging.version>1.2</commons-logging.version>
        <commons-dbcp.version>1.4</commons-dbcp.version>
        <commons-cli.version>1.2</commons-cli.version>
        <slf4j-api.version>1.7.7</slf4j-api.version>
        <logback.version>1.2.9</logback.version>
        <log4j.version>2.17.1</log4j.version>
        
        <httpasyncclient.version>4.1.3</httpasyncclient.version>
        <mysql-connector-java.version>8.0.21</mysql-connector-java.version>
        <derby.version>10.14.2.0</derby.version>
        <cglib-nodep.version>2.1</cglib-nodep.version>
        <jcip-annotations.version>1.0</jcip-annotations.version>
        <jackson-core.version>2.12.2</jackson-core.version>
        <jackson-databind.version>2.12.2</jackson-databind.version>
        <jackson.annotations.version>2.12.2</jackson.annotations.version>
        <jackson-core-asl.version>1.9.13</jackson-core-asl.version>
        <jjwt.version>0.11.2</jjwt.version>
        <netty-all.version>4.1.59.Final</netty-all.version>
        <mina-core.version>2.0.0-RC1</mina-core.version>
        <guava.version>30.1-jre</guava.version>
        <javatuples.version>1.2</javatuples.version>
        <commonOkHttp.version>0.4.1</commonOkHttp.version>
        <grpc-java.version>1.24.0</grpc-java.version>
        <proto-google-common-protos.version>1.17.0</proto-google-common-protos.version>
        <protobuf-java.version>3.16.1</protobuf-java.version>
        <protoc-gen-grpc-java.version>1.24.0</protoc-gen-grpc-java.version>
        <hessian.version>4.0.63</hessian.version>
        <reflections.version>0.9.11</reflections.version>
        <mockito-all.version>1.10.19</mockito-all.version>
        <mockito-core.version>3.8.0</mockito-core.version>
        <hamcrest-all.version>1.3</hamcrest-all.version>
        <prometheus-simpleclient.version>0.5.0</prometheus-simpleclient.version>
        <tomcat-embed-jasper.version>9.0.40</tomcat-embed-jasper.version>
        <truth.version>0.30</truth.version>
        <HikariCP.version>3.4.2</HikariCP.version>
        <jraft-core.version>1.3.8</jraft-core.version>
        <rpc-grpc-impl.version>1.3.8</rpc-grpc-impl.version>
    </properties>
    <!-- == -->
    <!-- =========================================================Build plugins================================================ -->
    <!-- == -->
    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>versions-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${versions-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>com.github.vongosling</groupId>
                <artifactId>dependency-mediator-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${dependency-mediator-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>clirr-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${clirr-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-enforcer-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-enforcer-plugin.version}</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>enforce-ban-circular-dependencies</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>enforce</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
                <configuration>
                    <rules>
                        <banCircularDependencies/>
                    </rules>
                    <fail>true</fail>
                </configuration>
                <dependencies>
                    <dependency>
                        <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                        <artifactId>extra-enforcer-rules</artifactId>
                        <version>${extra-enforcer-rules.version}</version>
                    </dependency>
                </dependencies>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-compiler-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>${maven.compiler.source}</source>
                    <target>${maven.compiler.target}</target>
                    <compilerVersion>${maven.compiler.source}</compilerVersion>
                    <showDeprecation>true</showDeprecation>
                    <showWarnings>true</showWarnings>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-javadoc-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-javadoc-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <charset>UTF-8</charset>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>attach-javadocs</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>jar</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-source-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-source-plugin.version}</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>attach-sources</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>jar</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-pmd-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-pmd-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <rulesets>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-comment.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-concurrent.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-constant.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-exception.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-flowcontrol.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-naming.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-oop.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-orm.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-other.xml</ruleset>
                        <ruleset>rulesets/java/ali-set.xml</ruleset>
                    </rulesets>
                    <printFailingErrors>true</printFailingErrors>
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>**/consistency/entity/*.java</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/model/mcp/*.java</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/model/naming/*.java</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/model/*.java</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/api/grpc/auto/*.java</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/mcp/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/networking/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/google/protobuf/**</exclude>
                    </excludes>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>check</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
                <dependencies>
                    <dependency>
                        <groupId>com.alibaba.p3c</groupId>
                        <artifactId>p3c-pmd</artifactId>
                        <version>${p3c-pmd.version}</version>
                    </dependency>
                </dependencies>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-checkstyle-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-checkstyle-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <configLocation>style/NacosCheckStyle.xml</configLocation>
                    <includeTestSourceDirectory>true</includeTestSourceDirectory>
                    <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                    <consoleOutput>true</consoleOutput>
                    <failsOnError>true</failsOnError>
                    <excludes>**/consistency/entity/**,**/nacos/test/**,**/api/grpc/auto/**,**/istio/**,**/protobuf/**</excludes>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>validate</id>
                        <phase>validate</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>check</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.rat</groupId>
                <artifactId>apache-rat-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${apache-rat-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <excludes>
                        <exclude>.editorconfig</exclude>
                        <exclude>.travis.yml</exclude>
                        <exclude>CONTRIBUTING.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>CHANGELOG.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>style/codeStyle.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>REPORTING-BUGS.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>README.md</exclude>
                        <exclude>.github/**/*</exclude>
                        <exclude>doc/*</exclude>
                        <exclude>derby.log</exclude>
                        <exclude>logs/*</exclude>
                        <exclude>src/main/resources/static/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/istio/model/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/consistency/entity/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/*.txt</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/*.factories</exclude>
                        <exclude>/console-ui/**</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/gogo.proto</exclude>
                        <exclude>**/any.proto</exclude>
                    </excludes>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <phase>verify</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>check</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-resources-plugin.version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <!-- We are not suppose to setup the customer resources here -->
                    <encoding>${project.build.sourceEncoding}</encoding>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.eluder.coveralls</groupId>
                <artifactId>coveralls-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${coveralls-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
                <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${jacoco-maven-plugin.version}</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>default-prepare-agent</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>prepare-agent</goal>
                        </goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <destFile>${project.build.directory}/jacoco.exec</destFile>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>default-prepare-agent-integration</id>
                        <phase>pre-integration-test</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>prepare-agent-integration</goal>
                        </goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <destFile>${project.build.directory}/jacoco-it.exec</destFile>
                            <propertyName>failsafeArgLine</propertyName>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>default-report</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>report</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>default-report-integration</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>report-integration</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-surefire-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>findbugs-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${findbugs-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.sonarsource.scanner.maven</groupId>
                <artifactId>sonar-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${sonar-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-assembly-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>flatten-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${maven-flatten-version}</version>
                <configuration>
                    <updatePomFile>true</updatePomFile>
                    <flattenMode>resolveCiFriendliesOnly</flattenMode>
                    <pomElements>
                        <dependencies>expand</dependencies>
                    </pomElements>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>flatten</id>
                        <phase>process-resources</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>flatten</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>flatten.clean</id>
                        <phase>clean</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>clean</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
    
    <profiles>
        <profile>
            <id>jdk8</id>
            <activation>
                <jdk>[1.8,)</jdk>
            </activation>
            <!-- Disable doclint under JDK 8 -->
            <reporting>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <artifactId>maven-javadoc-plugin</artifactId>
                        <version>${maven-javadoc-plugin.version}</version>
                        <configuration>
                            <additionalparam>-Xdoclint:none</additionalparam>
                        </configuration>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </reporting>
            <build>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <artifactId>maven-javadoc-plugin</artifactId>
                        <version>${maven-javadoc-plugin.version}</version>
                        <configuration>
                            <additionalparam>-Xdoclint:none</additionalparam>
                        </configuration>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </build>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <id>release-sign-artifacts</id>
            <activation>
                <property>
                    <name>performRelease</name>
                    <value>true</value>
                </property>
            </activation>
            
            <properties>
                <maven.javadoc.skip>false</maven.javadoc.skip>
            </properties>
            
            <build>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <artifactId>maven-gpg-plugin</artifactId>
                        <version>${maven-gpg-plugin.version}</version>
                        <executions>
                            <execution>
                                <id>sign-artifacts</id>
                                <phase>verify</phase>
                                <goals>
                                    <goal>sign</goal>
                                </goals>
                            </execution>
                        </executions>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </build>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <!--  Run integration tests for configuration modules separately  -->
            <id>cit-test</id>
            <build>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                        <version>${maven-surefire-plugin.version}</version>
                        <configuration>
                            <testFailureIgnore>false</testFailureIgnore>
                            <includes>
                                <include>**/*CITCase.java</include>
                            </includes>
                        </configuration>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </build>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <!--  Run integration tests for all modules separately  -->
            <id>nit-test</id>
            <build>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                        <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                        <version>${maven-surefire-plugin.version}</version>
                        <configuration>
                            <testFailureIgnore>false</testFailureIgnore>
                            <includes>
                                <include>**/naming/*ITCase.java</include>
                            </includes>
                        </configuration>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </build>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <id>sonar-apache</id>
            <properties>
                <!-- URL of the ASF SonarQube server -->
                <sonar.host.url>https://builds.apache.org/analysis</sonar.host.url>
            </properties>
        </profile>
        <profile>
            <id>remove-test-data</id>
            <build>
                <plugins>
                    <plugin>
                        <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                        <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
                        <configuration>
                            <followSymLinks>false</followSymLinks>
                            <filesets>
                                <fileset>
                                    <directory>${user.home}/nacos/data</directory>
                                </fileset>
                            </filesets>
                        </configuration>
                    </plugin>
                </plugins>
            </build>
        </profile>
    </profiles>
    <reporting>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.mojo</groupId>
                <artifactId>findbugs-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>${findbugs-maven-plugin.version}</version>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </reporting>
    
    <!-- Submodule management -->
    <modules>
        <module>config</module>
        <module>core</module>
        <module>naming</module>
        <module>address</module>
        <module>test</module>
        <module>api</module>
        <module>client</module>
        <module>example</module>
        <module>common</module>
        <module>distribution</module>
        <module>console</module>
        <module>cmdb</module>
        <module>istio</module>
        <module>consistency</module>
        <module>auth</module>
        <module>sys</module>
    </modules>
    
    <!-- Default dependencies in all subprojects -->
    <dependencies>
        
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
            <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
            <artifactId>mockito-inline</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    
    </dependencies>
    
    <!-- Manage the version numbers of dependencies,
    sub-modules will not introduce these dependencies by default -->
    <dependencyManagement>
        <dependencies>
            <dependency>
                <!-- Import dependency management from Spring Boot -->
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-dependencies</artifactId>
                <version>${spring-boot-dependencies.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
                <scope>import</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Internal libs -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-config</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-core</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-naming</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-api</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-client</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-test</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-common</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-cmdb</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-console</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-distribution</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-example</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-address</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-istio</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-consistency</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-auth</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>${project.groupId}</groupId>
                <artifactId>nacos-sys</artifactId>
                <version>${project.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
                <artifactId>servlet-api</artifactId>
                <version>${servlet-api.version}</version>
                <scope>provided</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- HikariCP -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.zaxxer</groupId>
                <artifactId>HikariCP</artifactId>
                <version>${HikariCP.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- hessian -->
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.caucho</groupId>
                <artifactId>hessian</artifactId>
                <version>${hessian.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Apache commons -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
                <version>${commons-io.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-collections</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-collections</artifactId>
                <version>${commons-collections.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
                <version>${commons-logging.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-dbcp</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-dbcp</artifactId>
                <version>${commons-dbcp.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>commons-cli</groupId>
                <artifactId>commons-cli</artifactId>
                <version>${commons-cli.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Logging libs -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
                <version>${slf4j-api.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
                <artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
                <version>${logback.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
                <artifactId>logback-core</artifactId>
                <version>${logback.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
                <version>${log4j.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>log4j-api</artifactId>
                <version>${log4j.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                <artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId>
                <version>${log4j.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- HTTP client libs -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
                <artifactId>httpasyncclient</artifactId>
                <version>${httpasyncclient.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- JDBC libs -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>mysql</groupId>
                <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
                <version>${mysql-connector-java.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.derby</groupId>
                <artifactId>derby</artifactId>
                <version>${derby.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- JRaft -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alipay.sofa</groupId>
                <artifactId>jraft-core</artifactId>
                <version>${jraft-core.version}</version>
                <exclusions>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>com.alipay.sofa</groupId>
                        <artifactId>bolt</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>log4j-api</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>log4j-slf4j-impl</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                    <exclusion>
                        <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
                        <artifactId>log4j-jcl</artifactId>
                    </exclusion>
                </exclusions>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.alipay.sofa</groupId>
                <artifactId>rpc-grpc-impl</artifactId>
                <version>${rpc-grpc-impl.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- Third-party libs -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>cglib</groupId>
                <artifactId>cglib-nodep</artifactId>
                <version>${cglib-nodep.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>net.jcip</groupId>
                <artifactId>jcip-annotations</artifactId>
                <version>${jcip-annotations.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
                <artifactId>jackson-core</artifactId>
                <version>${jackson-core.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
                <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
                <version>${jackson-databind.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
                <artifactId>jackson-annotations</artifactId>
                <version>${jackson.annotations.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.codehaus.jackson</groupId>
                <artifactId>jackson-core-asl</artifactId>
                <version>${jackson-core-asl.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
                <version>${jjwt.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
                <version>${jjwt.version}</version>
                <scope>runtime</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
                <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
                <version>${jjwt.version}</version>
                <scope>runtime</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.netty</groupId>
                <artifactId>netty-all</artifactId>
                <version>${netty-all.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>javax.annotation</groupId>
                <artifactId>javax.annotation-api</artifactId>
                <version>1.3.2</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.mina</groupId>
                <artifactId>mina-core</artifactId>
                <version>${mina-core.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
                <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
                <version>${guava.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.javatuples</groupId>
                <artifactId>javatuples</artifactId>
                <version>${javatuples.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.github.keran213539</groupId>
                <artifactId>commonOkHttp</artifactId>
                <version>${commonOkHttp.version}</version>
                <scope>test</scope>
            </dependency>
            
            <!-- gRPC dependency start -->
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>grpc-netty-shaded</artifactId>
                <version>${grpc-java.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>grpc-protobuf</artifactId>
                <version>${grpc-java.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>grpc-stub</artifactId>
                <version>${grpc-java.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>protoc-gen-grpc-java</artifactId>
                <version>${grpc-java.version}</version>
                <type>pom</type>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>grpc-testing</artifactId>
                <version>${grpc-java.version}</version>
                <scope>test</scope>
            </dependency>
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.google.api.grpc</groupId>
                <artifactId>proto-google-common-protos</artifactId>
                <version>${proto-google-common-protos.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            <!-- gRPC dependency end -->
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.google.protobuf</groupId>
                <artifactId>protobuf-java</artifactId>
                <version>${protobuf-java.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.reflections</groupId>
                <artifactId>reflections</artifactId>
                <version>${reflections.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
                <artifactId>mockito-all</artifactId>
                <version>${mockito-all.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
                <artifactId>mockito-core</artifactId>
                <version>${mockito-core.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.mockito</groupId>
                <artifactId>mockito-inline</artifactId>
                <version>${mockito-core.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
                <artifactId>hamcrest-all</artifactId>
                <version>${hamcrest-all.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>io.prometheus</groupId>
                <artifactId>simpleclient</artifactId>
                <version>${prometheus-simpleclient.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
                <artifactId>tomcat-embed-jasper</artifactId>
                <version>${tomcat-embed-jasper.version}</version>
            </dependency>
            
            <dependency>
                <groupId>com.google.truth</groupId>
                <artifactId>truth</artifactId>
                <version>${truth.version}</version>
            </dependency>
        </dependencies>
    </dependencyManagement>
    
    <distributionManagement>
        <snapshotRepository>
            <!-- The ID here must be exactly the same as the value
             of the server element id in the settings.xml file of MAVEN -->
            <id>sona</id>
            <url>https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots/</url>
        </snapshotRepository>
        <repository>
            <id>sona</id>
            <url>https://oss.sonatype.org/service/local/staging/deploy/maven2/</url>
        </repository>
    </distributionManagement>


</project>

根POM的完整信息如上 。

在 nacos-naming 中继承 nacos-all工程，引入 nacos-core，无需指定版本，将会自动读取父模块中 dependencyManagement 中所指定的版本。当然你也可以选择指定版本，则将会进行覆盖，但并不建议这么操作，将提高项目维护难度。

在这里插入图片描述

如上，我们就通过 dependencyManagement 我们即实现了项目依赖版本的统一管理。

依赖导入

上面介绍了如何通过 dependencyManagement 实现全局的依赖版本管理，但如果工程中的两个子模块都需要配置相同的 dependencyManagement 配置时，可以选择通过继承父模块来实现

举个例子：

maven-demo 创建同级模块 maven-demo1 ，如果要实现 maven-demo 中配置的 dependencyManagement 则在其 dependencyManagement 配置中导入 maven-demo 并将 scope 设置为 import，并将 type 设置为 pom。

通过导入即可实现更轻量化的模块信息继承，具体配置内容如下：

<dependencyManagement>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.artisan</groupId>
            <artifactId>maven-demo</artifactId>
            <version>1.0.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
            <!-- 导入目标模块的 dependencyManagement -->
            <!-- 依赖范围为 import -->
            <scope>import</scope>
            <!-- 类型一般为 pom -->
            <type>pom</type>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>

在这里插入图片描述

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