1 服务器环境：
两台PC 机，操作系统为red hat6.5
数据库版本：Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
2 配置前准备：
主库主机名service1，db_name:orcl，
db_unique_name：primary（下面修改13个参数之一）
备库主机名service2，db_name:orcl，
db_unique_name：standby
在安装oracle 时，主库安装数据库，备库只安装软件
安装路径在C 盘，具体路径为默认C:\app\Administrator\。
实例名为orcl
数据文件放在/oracle/oradata/orcl 文件夹下，归档日志文件放在/oracle/flash_recovery_area/PRIMARY/ARCHIVELOG 文件夹下，联机日志文件默认
3 正式配置过程：
3.1 主库配置
在主库启动数据库到mount 模式，开启归档模式与force logging flashback。具体语句如下：
Shutdown immediate
Startup mount
Alter database archivelog;
Alter database force logging;
Alter database flashback on;
3.2 查看当前日志文件组---------都在mount格式下，第一次是在open下
Set wrap off;
Select * from v$logfile order by group#;
这里四组可以简单的理解为在线日志组数+1
alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('/oracle/oradata/orcl/REDO04.LOG') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('/oracle/oradata/orcl/REDO05.LOG') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('/oracle/oradata/orcl/REDO06.LOG') size 50m;
alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('/oracle/oradata/orcl/REDO07.LOG') size 50m;
建议上述大小改为50m。
再次查询v$logfile
已经建好备用日志了。
3.4 修改系统参数spfile 文件(13 个参数) 都在mount格式下--主库
1 Alter system set db_unique_name='primary' scope=spfile;
2 Alter system set log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(primary,standby)' scope=spfile;
3 Alter system set log_archive_dest_1='location=/oracle/flash_recovery_area/PRIMARY/ARCHIVELOG VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=primary' scope=spfile;
要建立目录，否则因为目录不存在而报错
mkdir -p /oracle/flash_recovery_area/PRIMARY/ARCHIVELOG
4 Alter system set log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=standby LGWR ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=standby' scope=spfile;
5 Alter system set log_archive_dest_state_1 = 'enable' scope=spfile;
6 Alter system set log_archive_dest_state_2 = 'enable' scope=spfile;
7 Alter system set fal_server='standby' scope=spfile;
8 Alter system set fal_client='primary' scope=spfile;
9 Alter system set archive_lag_target=1800 scope=spfile;
10 Alter system set log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.arc' scope=spfile;
11 Alter system set standby_file_management=auto scope=spfile;
12 Alter system set db_file_name_convert='standby','primary' scope=spfile;
13 Alter system set log_file_name_convert='standby','primary' scope=spfile;
3.5 启动数据库--主库
Alter database open;
重启数据库将修改的参数加载；
Shutdown immediate
Startup
3.6 创建pfile 参数文件；--主库
create pfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora' from spfile;
名字一定要是initorcl.ora
注意：反推
create spfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora ' from pfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora';
3.7 创建密码文件
密码文件存放在：
/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/orapworcl
文件名为：orapworcl
如果在目录下未能找见，则需要动手创建，创建命令为：
orapwd file=/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/orapworcl password=WXH entries=5 -----以后可以试试，sys的密码
注：在cmd 命令下输入orapwd。Orcl 为实例名，123 为主库sys
的密码
3.8 配置主库网络监听（备用库同理）
文件位置在
/oracle/product/11g/db_1/network/admin/
修改listener.ora 文件，内容如下：查看附件
修改tnsnames.ora 文件，内容如下：查看附件
3.9 测试监听
重启监听，用网络名连接测试监听是否正常
C:\>lsnrctl stop
C:\>lsnrctl start
重启数据库：
shutdown immediate ---> startup
测试监听
C:\>tnsping primary
C:\>sqlplus sys/WXH@primary as sysdba
如果不能连接，请检查防火墙。
3.10 关闭主数据库 shutdown immediate
3.11 在备库建立文件夹
A. 将/oracle 目录下的①admin、②cfgtoollogs、
③diag 目录及④/oracle/flash_recovery_area 目录及⑤密码文件(/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/orapworcl)拷贝到备用库相同的路径下。
B. 将主库的listener.ora 和tnsnames.ora 拷贝到备库相同路径下（请看附件）。
C. 在主备机E 盘建立/oracle/oradata/temp/ 文件夹
mkdir -p /oracle/oradata/temp/
3.12 备机新建实例
在备机上注册oracle 实例到服务中，命令如下（cmd)：
oradim -new -sid orcl（实例名）
3.13 在备库启动监听 CMD下输入 lsnrctl start
注意查看（执行前启动服务），可能有报错，可以循环执行
3.14 备库参数文件
将刚才主库创建的pfile 参数文件initorcl.ora 文件拷贝至备库（/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora）
修改为如下：
orcl.__db_cache_size=536870912
orcl.__java_pool_size=8388608
orcl.__large_pool_size=8388608
orcl.__oracle_base='d:\app\Administrator'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
orcl.__pga_aggregate_target=520093696
orcl.__sga_target=771751936
orcl.__shared_io_pool_size=0
orcl.__shared_pool_size=209715200
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.archive_lag_target=1800
*.audit_file_dest='d:\app\Administrator\admin\orcl\adump
'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='11.2.0.0.0'
*.control_files='E:\oracleDB\orcl\control01.ctl','E:\ora
cleDB\flash\orcl\control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain=''
*.db_file_name_convert='primary','standby'
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='E:\oracleDB\flash'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=10737418240
*.db_unique_name='standby'
*.diagnostic_dest='d:\app\Administrator'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.fal_client='standby'
*.fal_server='primary'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(primary,standby)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=E:\oracleDB\flash\orcl\AR
CHIVELOG\ VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES)
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=standby'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=primaryLGWR ASYNC
VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE)
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=primary'
*.log_archive_dest_state_1='enable'
*.log_archive_dest_state_2='enable'
*.log_archive_format='%t_%s_%r.arc'
*.log_file_name_convert='primary','standby'
*.memory_target=1287651328
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=150
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.standby_file_management='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
以上红色标注为需要修改成的
用参数文件建立实例(需要首先启动监听、服务，否则会报ORA-12560)
Sqlplus
Sys
WXH AS SYSDBA
startup nomount pfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora'
3.15 使用RMAN 复制主库
在主库startup
若显示，已连接到空闲实例。则
Sqlplus
Sys
WXH AS SYSDBA
startup
3.15.1 用rman 建立备份
rman target \
sys
WXH AS SYSDBA
rman target sys/WXH as sysdba
RMAN>Backup full database format='/oracle/oradata/temp/FOR_STANDBY _%u%p%s.RMN' include current controlfile for standby;
(Starting backup at 20-SEP-17
using channel ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting full datafile backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: specifying datafile(s) in backup set
input datafile file number=00001 name=/oracle/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
input datafile file number=00002 name=/oracle/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
input datafile file number=00003 name=/oracle/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
input datafile file number=00004 name=/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 20-SEP-17
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-00569: =============== ERROR MESSAGE STACK FOLLOWS ===============
RMAN-00571: ===========================================================
RMAN-03009: failure of backup command on ORA_DISK_1 channel at 09/20/2017 16:33:56
ORA-19502: write error on file "/oracle/oradata/temp/aa.RMN", block number 95360 (block size=8192)
ORA-27072: File I/O error
Linux Error: 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Additional information: 4
Additional information: 95360
Additional information: 843776)----磁盘空间不够导致
将当前archivelog 归档
RMAN>sql'alter system archive log current';
3.15.2 将rman 的备份集拷贝到standby 库相同的路径 ---千万别忘这一步
3.15.3 复制数据库 ---全是在主库执行哦
建议在此创建控制文件目录（不用复制控制文件：备库）：新建控制文件路径（否则有报错）：mkdir -p /oracle/oradata/orcl mkdir -p/oracle/flash_recovery_area/orcl
RMAN>connect auxiliary sys/WXH@standby
RMAN>duplicate target database for standby nofilenamecheck;
3.15.4 备库启动standby
第一种方案：alter database mount standby database（出现ORA-01100：数据库已装载报错属于正常现象
）;→Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
第二种方案：NOTE:建议在执行shutdown immediate 之前执行：create spfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora ' from pfile='/oracle/product/11g/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora';因为恢复后，某种原因备库的spfileorcl.ora 竟然和主库一样，导致主库连不上备库：警告文件报错：Fatal NI connect error 12514, connecting to:
(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=192.168.1.117)(PORT=1521)))(CONNECT_DATA=(UR=A)(SERVICE_NAME=standby)(CID=(PROGRAM=oracle)(HOST=service1)(USER=oracle))))
此时，若用其他数据库直接连备库：也是报错：ora-12514:
第二种方案（推荐）：Shutdown immediate—Startup-- Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session; (执行本命令，备库会自动应用归档日志)
第三种方案： alter database mount standby database;→Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;--- alter database recover managed standby database cancel;→alter database open;→Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
第四种方案：
SQL>shutdown immediate;
SQL>startup nomount;
SQL>alter database mount standby database;
SQL>alter database open read only;
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
4 DataGuard 验证
下面来验证是否搭建成功
主、备库执行
Select name,sequence#,applied,completion_time from v$archived_log order by completion_time desc,sequence# desc;
select sequence#,appliedfrom v$archived_logorder by sequence#asc;
两边sequence#一致，说明已经同步
创建测试表
create table CESHI
(
FY_ID NUMBER(9)not null,
STU_ID NUMBER(9)not null,
MX_ID NUMBER(9)not null,
YIJIAO NUMBER(7,2)not null,
QIANFEI NUMBER(7,2)not null
)
下面在主库切换活动日志，然后查询日志同步情况
Alter system switch logfile;
（手动切换日志组
日志组A：当前正在写
日志组B：可写
手动切换日志组后，Oracle开始往日志组B里写日志，并进行一次checkpoint，把日志组A里没有经过checkpoint的那部分日志对应的dirty buffer从buffer cache里写到数据文件里。
checkpoint完成之后
日志组A：可写
日志组B：当前正在写）
稍后再查询主库
若一致，说明配置成功。
5 关于switchover（正常主备切换）
首先查询主库切换状态
Select switchover_status from v$database;
TO STANDBY 表示可以切换，如果是其它的需要根据情况处理后再切
换。
在主库将primary 切换到physical standby
主库执行以下命令
Alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
Shutdown immediate
Startup
Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
(执行本命令，备库会自动应用归档日志)
在备库，switchover 到primary：
ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO primary WITH SESSION SHUTDOWN;
Shutdown immediate
Startup
Alter system switch logfile;
在新主库和新备库执行如下命令：
Select name,sequence#,applied,completion_time from v$archived_log order by completion_time desc,sequence# desc;
select sequence#,appliedfrom v$archived_logorder by sequence#asc;
在新主库执行：alter system switch logfile;
新主库执行/新备库执行
select sequence#,appliedfrom v$archived_logorder by sequence#asc;
select sequence#,appliedfrom v$archived_logorder by sequence#asc;
两边sequence#一致，说明已经同步,dataguard 切换成功
参考：http://www.docin.com/p-453570668.html