外键以及relationship
首先创建数据库，在这里一个user对应多个address，因此需要在address上增加user_id这个外键（一对多）。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# encoding: utf-8
from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy import Column from sqlalchemy import Integer from sqlalchemy import String from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import backref from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base Base = declarative_base() class User(Base): __tablename__ = 'users' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(32)) addresses = relationship("Address", order_by="Address.id", backref="user") class Address(Base): __tablename__ = 'addresses' id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) email_address = Column(String(32), nullable=False) user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('users.id')) #user = relationship("User", backref=backref('addresses', order_by=id)) engine = create_engine('mysql://root:root@localhost:3306/test', echo=True) #Base.metadata.create_all(engine) 接下来，调用user和address来添加数据，
>>> jack = User(name='jack') >>> jack.address Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> AttributeError: 'User' object has no attribute 'address' >>> jack.addresses [] >>> jack.addresses = [Address(email_address='[email protected]'), Address(email_address='[email protected]')] >>> jack.addresses [<demo.Address object at 0x7f2536564f90>, <demo.Address object at 0x7f2535dc71d0>] >>> session.add(jack) >>> session.commit() 2015-08-19 13:45:36,237 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'sql_mode' 2015-08-19 13:45:36,237 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,238 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT DATABASE() 2015-08-19 13:45:36,238 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine show collation where `Charset` = 'utf8' and `Collation` = 'utf8_bin' 2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test plain returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1 2015-08-19 13:45:36,239 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test unicode returns' AS CHAR(60)) AS anon_1 2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT CAST('test collated returns' AS CHAR CHARACTER SET utf8) COLLATE utf8_bin AS anon_1 2015-08-19 13:45:36,240 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine () 2015-08-19 13:45:36,241 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine BEGIN (implicit) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,242 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (%s) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,242 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('jack',) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO addresses (email_address, user_id) VALUES (%s, %s) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]', 1L) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine INSERT INTO addresses (email_address, user_id) VALUES (%s, %s) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,243 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]', 1L) 2015-08-19 13:45:36,244 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine COMMIT >>> 此时，查看数据库，可以得到刚才插入的数据，
mysql> select * from users;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
| 1 | jack |
+----+------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from addresses; +----+-----------------+---------+ | id | email_address | user_id | +----+-----------------+---------+ | 1 | [email protected] | 1 | | 2 | [email protected] | 1 | +----+-----------------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)join查询
如果不使用join的话，可以直接联表查询，
>>> session.query(User.name, Address.email_address).filter(User.id==Address.user_id).filter(Address.email_address=='[email protected]').all()
2015-08-19 14:02:02,877 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.name AS users_name, addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address FROM users, addresses WHERE users.id = addresses.user_id AND addresses.email_address = %s 2015-08-19 14:02:02,878 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]',) [('jack', '[email protected]')]在sqlalchemy中提供了Queqy.join()函数，
>>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address=='[email protected]').first()
2015-08-19 14:06:56,624 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id WHERE addresses.email_address = %s LIMIT %s 2015-08-19 14:06:56,624 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]', 1) <demo.User object at 0x7f9a74139a10> >>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address=='[email protected]').first().name 2015-08-19 14:07:04,224 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id WHERE addresses.email_address = %s LIMIT %s 2015-08-19 14:07:04,224 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]', 1) 'jack' >>> session.query(User).join(Address).filter(Address.email_address=='[email protected]').first().addresses 2015-08-19 14:07:06,534 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.id AS users_id, users.name AS users_name FROM users INNER JOIN addresses ON users.id = addresses.user_id WHERE addresses.email_address = %s LIMIT %s 2015-08-19 14:07:06,534 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('[email protected]', 1) 2015-08-19 14:07:06,535 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT addresses.id AS addresses_id, addresses.email_address AS addresses_email_address, addresses.user_id AS addresses_user_id FROM addresses WHERE %s = addresses.user_id ORDER BY addresses.id 2015-08-19 14:07:06,535 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine (1L,) [<demo.Address object at 0x7f9a74139350>, <demo.Address object at 0x7f9a741390d0>] >>> 注意，上面的用法的前提是存在外键的情况下，如果没有外键，那么可以使用,
query.join(Address, User.id==Address.user_id) # explicit condition
query.join(User.addresses) # specify relationship from left to right
query.join(Address, User.addresses) # same, with explicit target query.join('addresses') 表的别名
>>> from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
>>> adalias1 = aliased(Address)子查询
假设我们需要这样一个查询，
mysql> SELECT users.*, adr_count.address_count FROM users LEFT OUTER JOIN
-> (SELECT user_id, count(*) AS address_count -> FROM addresses GROUP BY user_id) AS adr_count -> ON users.id=adr_count.user_id; +----+------+---------------+ | id | name | address_count | +----+------+---------------+ | 1 | jack | 2 | +----+------+---------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) # 生成子句，等同于（select user_id ... group_by user_id）
>>> sbq = session.query(Address.user_id, func.count('*').label('address_count')).group_by(Address.user_id).subquery() # 联接子句，注意子句中需要使用c来调用字段内容 >>> session.query(User.name, sbq.c.address_count).outerjoin(sbq, User.id==sbq.c.user_id).all() 2015-08-19 14:42:53,425 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine SELECT users.name AS users_name, anon_1.address_count AS anon_1_address_count FROM users LEFT OUTER JOIN (SELECT addresses.user_id AS user_id, count(%s) AS address_count FROM addresses GROUP BY addresses.user_id) AS anon_1 ON users.id = anon_1.user_id 2015-08-19 14:42:53,425 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine ('*',) [('jack', 2L)] >>>包含contains
query.filter(User.addresses.contains(someaddress))数据删除delete
>>> session.delete(jack)
>>> session.query(User).filter_by(name='jack').count()
0外键配置
在上面的例子中，删除了user－jack，但是address中的数据并没有删除。
cascade字段用来
addresses = relationship("Address", backref='user',
cascade="all, delete, delete-orphan")