这篇博客是我学习SQL server第四个练习，主要是研究如何设计数据库，找出实体间的联系，并建立E-R图（实体联系模型的图形化）。这个数据库设计是以我之前团队的一个项目（校社联社团管理系统）的数据库来的，该项目主要功能是协助学校校社联管理社团，主要功能有最新公告，社团信息，消息发布，注册审核，年度注册。
练习要求
选择一个主题进行设计，完成以下内容:
1、设计概念模型
（1）要求概念模型使用ER图表示，绘制各局部ER图，标注联系类型和联系属性。
（2）集成总ER图，在总ER图中各个实体不用绘制属性。
2、设计关系模型
（1）将上面ER图转换为关系，并进标识主键。
（2）确定转换后的关系所达到的最高范式。
3、设计数据库的物理模型
（1）为每一个关系设计数据表结构，至少设计一个自定义完整性约束和索引。
（2）对每一个索引，说明设计依据或功能。
（3）这部分内容，可以使用文字及表格描述，也可以直接使用SQL语句描述。
注：可以使用Power Designer软件完成
练习过程及结果
主题为校社联社团管理系统
1、概念模型
局部E-R图
全局E-R图
2、关系模型
普通成员或社员（自增id，真实姓名，账号昵称，性别，生日，个人介绍，宿舍地址，系部，系专业，入学年份，学号，个人头像，普通用户状态）
组织成员（自增id，组织种类，组织名称，成立时间，组织介绍，社长姓名，组织logo，组织展示图，组织联系邮箱，组织联系电话，喜爱人数，组织人数，组织权限，组织用户状态）
社团年度审核（自增id，提交组织id，文件名称，审核结果状态，审核时间，审核意见，提交时间，提交人描述）
消息（自增id，消息标题，消息内容，发布时间，发送者名称，发布人id，消息类型，消息附件，消息状态）
消息接收映射（自增id，消息id，接收人id，消息状态，阅读状态）
用户组织映射（自增id，组织用户id，用户id，个人职务，所处状态，加入时间，离开时间，社团部门，状态）
注册社团审核（自增id，注册社团id，审核标题，申请姓名，注册时间，审核时间，审核结果，审核文件，审核意见，有效状态）
用户喜爱组织映射（自增id，用户id，喜爱组织id，状态）
3、数据库的物理模型
SQL代码
-- 每个表中都有一个自增的主键列，用来与其他表进行交互，该列包含了索引，此外每个表中也有了自定义完整性约束，主要是不为空约束。
USE [master]
GO
/****** Object: Database [sauims] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:45 ******/
CREATE DATABASE [sauims]
CONTAINMENT = NONE
ON PRIMARY
( NAME = N'sauims', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\sauims.mdf' , SIZE = 4160KB , MAXSIZE = UNLIMITED, FILEGROWTH = 1024KB )
LOG ON
( NAME = N'sauims_log', FILENAME = N'C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.MSSQLSERVER\MSSQL\DATA\sauims_log.ldf' , SIZE = 1040KB , MAXSIZE = 2048GB , FILEGROWTH = 10%)
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET COMPATIBILITY_LEVEL = 110
GO
IF (1 = FULLTEXTSERVICEPROPERTY('IsFullTextInstalled'))
begin
EXEC [sauims].[dbo].[sp_fulltext_database] @action = 'enable'
end
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ANSI_NULL_DEFAULT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ANSI_NULLS OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ANSI_WARNINGS OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ARITHABORT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET AUTO_CLOSE OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET AUTO_CREATE_STATISTICS ON
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET AUTO_SHRINK OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS ON
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET CURSOR_CLOSE_ON_COMMIT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET CURSOR_DEFAULT GLOBAL
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET NUMERIC_ROUNDABORT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET RECURSIVE_TRIGGERS OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ENABLE_BROKER
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET AUTO_UPDATE_STATISTICS_ASYNC OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET DATE_CORRELATION_OPTIMIZATION OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET TRUSTWORTHY OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET PARAMETERIZATION SIMPLE
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET READ_COMMITTED_SNAPSHOT OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET HONOR_BROKER_PRIORITY OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET RECOVERY FULL
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET MULTI_USER
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET PAGE_VERIFY CHECKSUM
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET DB_CHAINING OFF
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET FILESTREAM( NON_TRANSACTED_ACCESS = OFF )
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET TARGET_RECOVERY_TIME = 0 SECONDS
GO
EXEC sys.sp_db_vardecimal_storage_format N'sauims', N'ON'
GO
USE [sauims]
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[anniversary_audit] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[anniversary_audit](
[id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[org_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[audit_title] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[file_name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[audit_state] [int] NOT NULL,
[audit_result] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
[submit_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[submit_description] [varchar](200) NULL,
[audit_time] [datetime2](0) NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[club_audit] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[club_audit](
[id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[org_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[register_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[audit_time] [datetime2](0) NULL,
[audit_result] [varchar](100) NULL,
[file] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[audit_description] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
[audit_title] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
[apply_name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[audit_state] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[like_org] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[like_org](
[id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[person_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[org_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[available] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[member] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[member](
[id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[org_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[person_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[member_duty] [int] NOT NULL,
[member_state] [int] NOT NULL,
[join_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[leave_time] [datetime2](0) NULL,
[org_department] [varchar](100) NULL,
[available] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[message] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[message](
[message_id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[message_title] [varchar](100) NOT NULL,
[message_content] [varchar](300) NOT NULL,
[release_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[org_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[message_type] [int] NOT NULL,
[message_annex] [varchar](50) NULL,
[message_state] [int] NOT NULL,
[release_name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[message_id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[message_receive] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[message_receive](
[id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[message_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[receive_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[read_flag] [int] NOT NULL,
[available] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[org_info] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[org_info](
[org_id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[user_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[org_name] [varchar](40) NOT NULL,
[found_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[description] [varchar](400) NULL,
[org_type] [varchar](50) NULL,
[admin_name] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
[org_logo] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[org_view] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[like_click] [int] NOT NULL,
[members] [int] NOT NULL,
[contact_email] [varchar](50) NULL,
[contact_number] [varchar](13) NULL,
[org_state] [int] NOT NULL,
[org_auth] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[org_id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[person_info] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[person_info](
[person_id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[user_id] [int] NOT NULL,
[real_name] [varchar](20) NULL,
[nickname] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
[gender] [int] NOT NULL,
[birthday] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[description] [varchar](100) NULL,
[enrollment_year] [int] NULL,
[address] [varchar](40) NULL,
[department] [varchar](50) NULL,
[major] [varchar](50) NULL,
[student_id] [varchar](50) NULL,
[person_logo] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[person_state] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[person_id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
/****** Object: Table [dbo].[user] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[user](
[user_id] [int] IDENTITY(-1,-1) NOT NULL,
[user_name] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[password] [varchar](40) NOT NULL,
[phone] [varchar](13) NOT NULL,
[email] [varchar](50) NOT NULL,
[user_key] [varchar](40) NOT NULL,
[login_ip] [varchar](40) NOT NULL,
[login_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[register_ip] [varchar](40) NOT NULL,
[register_time] [datetime2](0) NOT NULL,
[authority] [int] NOT NULL,
[user_state] [int] NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED
(
[user_id] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING OFF
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
/****** Object: Index [club_name_UNIQUE] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [club_name_UNIQUE] ON [dbo].[org_info]
(
[org_name] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
/****** Object: Index [email_UNIQUE] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [email_UNIQUE] ON [dbo].[user]
(
[email] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
SET ANSI_PADDING ON
GO
/****** Object: Index [user_name_UNIQUE] Script Date: 2018/5/30 23:33:46 ******/
CREATE UNIQUE NONCLUSTERED INDEX [user_name_UNIQUE] ON [dbo].[user]
(
[user_name] ASC
)WITH (PAD_INDEX = OFF, STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = OFF, SORT_IN_TEMPDB = OFF, IGNORE_DUP_KEY = OFF, DROP_EXISTING = OFF, ONLINE = OFF, ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = ON, ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS = ON) ON [PRIMARY]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[anniversary_audit] ADD DEFAULT ((2)) FOR [audit_state]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[anniversary_audit] ADD DEFAULT ('无') FOR [audit_result]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[anniversary_audit] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [submit_description]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[anniversary_audit] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [audit_time]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[club_audit] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [audit_time]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[club_audit] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [audit_result]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[club_audit] ADD DEFAULT ('无') FOR [audit_description]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[like_org] ADD DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [available]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[member] ADD DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [member_duty]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[member] ADD DEFAULT ((1)) FOR [member_state]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[member] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [leave_time]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[member] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [org_department]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[member] ADD DEFAULT ((2)) FOR [available]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[message] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [message_annex]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[message] ADD DEFAULT ((1)) FOR [message_state]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[message_receive] ADD DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [read_flag]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[message_receive] ADD DEFAULT ((1)) FOR [available]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [description]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [org_type]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [like_click]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT ((0)) FOR [members]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [contact_email]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[org_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [contact_number]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [real_name]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [description]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [enrollment_year]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [address]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [department]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [major]
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[person_info] ADD DEFAULT (NULL) FOR [student_id]
GO
USE [master]
GO
ALTER DATABASE [sauims] SET READ_WRITE
GO
总结
经过了这次练习，我了解数据库设计的阶段划分和每个阶段的主要工作；掌握了概念设计的意义、原则和方法；熟练掌握E-R模型设计的方法和原则，以及从E-R模型转换为关系模型的方法。
数据库设计主要分为系统需求分析阶段，概念结构设计阶段，逻辑结构设计阶段，物理结构设计阶段，数据库实施阶段，数据库运行与维护阶段。E-R图中的冲突有三种：属性冲突、命名冲突、结构冲突。
这次实验，我的确学到了很多，做这次实验之前，我还以为这次实验会很简单的，想把自己再做的一个系统的数据库，完整地根据标准流程来设计出来的。后来发现，自己的那个系统的数据库太过于复杂，要完全根据自己那个数据库设计出E-R图出来的话，涉及到太多逻辑性的东西，而且这些表之间的关系并没没有想书本写的那么简单，于是，最后自己只能根据我之前的一个系统概要地设计出数据库，忽略了很多细节方面的东西和删除了一些表，才勉强把这次实验做出来。