1定义
模块：实现了某个功能的代码集合。
如：os 是系统相关的模块；file是文件操作相关的模块
模块分为三种：
- 自定义模块
- 内置模块
- 开源模块
自定义模块
1、定义模块
情景一：
情景二：
情景三：
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。
导入模块有以下几种方法：
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import
module
from
module.xx.xx
import
xx
from
module.xx.xx
import
xx as rename
from
module.xx.xx
import
*
|
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
- 导入一个py文件，解释器解释该py文件
- 导入一个包，解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件
那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path
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import
sys
print
sys.path
结果：
[
'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'
,
'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old'
,
'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload'
,
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages'
,
'/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages'
]
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如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。
通过os模块可以获取各种目录，例如：
import sys import os pre_path = os.path.abspath('../') sys.path.append(pre_path)
内置模块
一、os
用于提供系统级别的操作
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 os.remove() 删除一个文件 os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/" os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n" os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
更多猛击这里
二、sys
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 sys.stdout.write('please:') val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
import
hashlib
# ######## md5 ########
hash
=
hashlib.md5()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha1 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha1()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha256 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha256()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha384 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha384()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
# ######## sha512 ########
hash
=
hashlib.sha512()
hash
.update(
'admin'
)
print
hash
.hexdigest()
python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
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import
hmac
h
=
hmac.new(
'wueiqi'
)
h.update(
'hellowo'
)
print
h.hexdigest()
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四、json 和 pickle
用于序列化的两个模块
- json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
五、执行系统命令
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：
- os.system
- os.spawn*
import commands result = commands.getoutput('cmd') result = commands.getstatus('cmd') result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd')
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。
call
执行命令，返回状态码
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ret
=
subprocess.call([
"ls"
,
"-l"
], shell
=
False
)
ret
=
subprocess.call(
"ls -l"
, shell
=
True
)
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shell = True ，允许 shell 命令是字符串形式
check_call
执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_call([
"ls"
,
"-l"
])
subprocess.check_call(
"exit 1"
, shell
=
True
)
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check_output
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
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subprocess.check_output([
"echo"
,
"Hello World!"
])
subprocess.check_output(
"exit 1"
, shell
=
True
)
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subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数：
- args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）
- bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他 缓冲区大小,负值 系统缓冲
- stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄
- preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用
- close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。
所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。 - shell：同上
- cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录
- env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。
- universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n
- startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效
将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等
import subprocess ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"]) ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)
终端输入的命令分为两种：
- 输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig
- 输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') obj.stdin.close() cmd_out = obj.stdout.read() obj.stdout.close() cmd_error = obj.stderr.read() obj.stderr.close() print cmd_out print cmd_error
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) obj.stdin.write('print 1 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 2 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 3 \n ') obj.stdin.write('print 4 \n ') out_error_list = obj.communicate() print out_error_list
import subprocess obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE) out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"') print out_error_list
更多猛击这里
六、shutil
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" while 1: buf = fsrc.read(length) if not buf: break fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
def copyfile(src, dst): """Copy data from src to dst""" if _samefile(src, dst): raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]: try: st = os.stat(fn) except OSError: # File most likely does not exist pass else: # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst): """Copy mode bits from src to dst""" if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst): """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) if hasattr(os, 'utime'): os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): os.chmod(dst, mode) if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): try: os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) except OSError, why: for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): break else: raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst): """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst): """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
def ignore_patterns(*patterns): """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns that are used to exclude files""" def _ignore_patterns(path, names): ignored_names = [] for pattern in patterns: ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) return set(ignored_names) return _ignore_patterns def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). The destination directory must not already exist. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic links are copied. The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): callable(src, names) -> ignored_names Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a list of names relative to the `src` directory that should not be copied. XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. """ names = os.listdir(src) if ignore is not None: ignored_names = ignore(src, names) else: ignored_names = set() os.makedirs(dst) errors = [] for name in names: if name in ignored_names: continue srcname = os.path.join(src, name) dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) try: if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): linkto = os.readlink(srcname) os.symlink(linkto, dstname) elif os.path.isdir(srcname): copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) else: # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types copy2(srcname, dstname) # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can # continue with other files except Error, err: errors.extend(err.args[0]) except EnvironmentError, why: errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) try: copystat(src, dst) except OSError, why: if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): # Copying file access times may fail on Windows pass else: errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) if errors: raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None): """Recursively delete a directory tree. If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. """ if ignore_errors: def onerror(*args): pass elif onerror is None: def onerror(*args): raise try: if os.path.islink(path): # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") except OSError: onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) # can't continue even if onerror hook returns return names = [] try: names = os.listdir(path) except os.error, err: onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) for name in names: fullname = os.path.join(path, name) try: mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode except os.error: mode = 0 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) else: try: os.remove(fullname) except os.error, err: onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) try: os.rmdir(path) except os.error: onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst): """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of the issues this implementation glosses over. """ real_dst = dst if os.path.isdir(dst): if _samefile(src, dst): # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, # perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst) return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) if os.path.exists(real_dst): raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst try: os.rename(src, real_dst) except OSError: if os.path.isdir(src): if _destinsrc(src, dst): raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) rmtree(src) else: copy2(src, real_dst) os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner： 用户，默认当前用户
- group： 组，默认当前组
- logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
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7
8
9
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#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录
import
shutil
ret
=
shutil.make_archive(
"wwwwwwwwww"
,
'gztar'
, root_dir
=
'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test'
)
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录
import
shutil
ret
=
shutil.make_archive(
"/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww"
,
'gztar'
, root_dir
=
'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test'
)
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def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None): """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar". 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group. """ save_cwd = os.getcwd() if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir) base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name) if not dry_run: os.chdir(root_dir) if base_dir is None: base_dir = os.curdir kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} try: format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format] except KeyError: raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format func = format_info[0] for arg, val in format_info[1]: kwargs[arg] = val if format != 'zip': kwargs['owner'] = owner kwargs['group'] = group try: filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs) finally: if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd) os.chdir(save_cwd) return filename
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
import zipfile # 压缩 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close() # 解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close()
import tarfile # 压缩 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') tar.close() # 解压 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close()
class ZipFile(object): """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would be necessary. """ fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') if compression == ZIP_STORED: pass elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: if not zlib: raise RuntimeError,\ "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" else: raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 self._didModify = False self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive self.compression = compression # Method of compression self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] self.pwd = None self._comment = '' # Check if we were passed a file-like object if isinstance(file, basestring): self._filePassed = 0 self.filename = file modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} try: self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) except IOError: if mode == 'a': mode = key = 'w' self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) else: raise else: self._filePassed = 1 self.fp = file self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) try: if key == 'r': self._RealGetContents() elif key == 'w': # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True elif key == 'a': try: # See if file is a zip file self._RealGetContents() # seek to start of directory and overwrite self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) except BadZipfile: # file is not a zip file, just append self.fp.seek(0, 2) # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True else: raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') except: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() raise def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): self.close() def _RealGetContents(self): """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" fp = self.fp try: endrec = _EndRecData(fp) except IOError: raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") if not endrec: raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" if self.debug > 1: print endrec size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) if self.debug > 2: inferred = concat + offset_cd print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) data = fp.read(size_cd) fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) total = 0 while total < size_cd: centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") if self.debug > 2: print centdir filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information x = ZipInfo(filename) x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) x._raw_time = t x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) x._decodeExtra() x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat x.filename = x._decodeFilename() self.filelist.append(x) self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x # update total bytes read from central directory total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) if self.debug > 2: print "total", total def namelist(self): """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" l = [] for data in self.filelist: l.append(data.filename) return l def infolist(self): """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the archive.""" return self.filelist def printdir(self): """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") for zinfo in self.filelist: date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) def testzip(self): """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" chunk_size = 2 ** 20 for zinfo in self.filelist: try: # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a # MemoryError with very large embedded files. with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 pass except BadZipfile: return zinfo.filename def getinfo(self, name): """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) if info is None: raise KeyError( 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) return info def setpassword(self, pwd): """Set default password for encrypted files.""" self.pwd = pwd @property def comment(self): """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" return self._comment @comment.setter def comment(self, comment): # check for valid comment length if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: import warnings warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] self._comment = comment self._didModify = True def read(self, name, pwd=None): """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, \ "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" # Only open a new file for instances where we were not # given a file object in the constructor if self._filePassed: zef_file = self.fp should_close = False else: zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') should_close = True try: # Make sure we have an info object if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): # 'name' is already an info object zinfo = name else: # Get info object for name zinfo = self.getinfo(name) zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) # Skip the file header: fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: raise BadZipfile, \ 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( zinfo.orig_filename, fname) # check for encrypted flag & handle password is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 zd = None if is_encrypted: if not pwd: pwd = self.pwd if not pwd: raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \ "password required for extraction" % name zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type # and is used to check the correctness of the password. bytes = zef_file.read(12) h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: # compare against the file type from extended local headers check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff else: # compare against the CRC otherwise check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, close_fileobj=should_close) except: if should_close: zef_file.close() raise def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): member = self.getinfo(member) if path is None: path = os.getcwd() return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by namelist(). """ if members is None: members = self.namelist() for zipinfo in members: self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical file on the path targetpath. """ # build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) if os.path.altsep: arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) if os.path.sep == '\\': # filter illegal characters on Windows illegal = ':<>|"?*' if isinstance(arcname, unicode): table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} else: table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) arcname = arcname.translate(table) # remove trailing dots arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) # Create all upper directories if necessary. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): os.makedirs(upperdirs) if member.filename[-1] == '/': if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): os.mkdir(targetpath) return targetpath with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \ file(targetpath, "wb") as target: shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) return targetpath def _writecheck(self, zinfo): """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: import warnings warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, \ "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: raise RuntimeError, \ "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): raise RuntimeError, \ "That compression method is not supported" if not self._allowZip64: requires_zip64 = None if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Filesize" elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" if requires_zip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name arcname.""" if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") st = os.stat(filename) isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) date_time = mtime[0:6] # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information if arcname is None: arcname = filename arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): arcname = arcname[1:] if isdir: arcname += '/' zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes if compress_type is None: zinfo.compress_type = self.compression else: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = st.st_size zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True if isdir: zinfo.file_size = 0 zinfo.compress_size = 0 zinfo.CRC = 0 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) return with open(filename, "rb") as fp: # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \ zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) else: cmpr = None file_size = 0 while 1: buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) if not buf: break file_size = file_size + len(buf) CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff if cmpr: buf = cmpr.compress(buf) compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) if cmpr: buf = cmpr.flush() compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) zinfo.compress_size = compress_size else: zinfo.compress_size = file_size zinfo.CRC = CRC zinfo.file_size = file_size if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include # correct CRC and file sizes) position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.seek(position, 0) self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or the name of the file in the archive.""" if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) zinfo.compress_type = self.compression if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag else: zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- else: zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") if compress_type is not None: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size else: zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \ zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.write(bytes) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, zinfo.file_size)) self.fp.flush() self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def __del__(self): """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" self.close() def close(self): """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending records.""" if self.fp is None: return try: if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records pos1 = self.fp.tell() for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory dt = zinfo.date_time dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) extra = [] if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \ or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.file_size) extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) file_size = 0xffffffff compress_size = 0xffffffff else: file_size = zinfo.file_size compress_size = zinfo.compress_size if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) header_offset = 0xffffffffL else: header_offset = zinfo.header_offset extra_data = zinfo.extra if extra: # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's extra_data = struct.pack( '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) else: extract_version = zinfo.extract_version create_version = zinfo.create_version try: filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) except DeprecationWarning: print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) raise self.fp.write(centdir) self.fp.write(filename) self.fp.write(extra_data) self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) pos2 = self.fp.tell() # Write end-of-zip-archive record centDirCount = len(self.filelist) centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 centDirOffset = pos1 requires_zip64 = None if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" if requires_zip64: # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records if not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") zip64endrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset) self.fp.write(zip64endrec) zip64locrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64Locator, stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) self.fp.write(zip64locrec) centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) self.fp.write(endrec) self.fp.write(self._comment) self.fp.flush() finally: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close()
class TarFile(object): """The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives. """ debug = 0 # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs) dereference = False # If true, add content of linked file to the # tar file, else the link. ignore_zeros = False # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and # continues processing. errorlevel = 1 # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug # messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors # are passed to the caller as exceptions. format = DEFAULT_FORMAT # The format to use when creating an archive. encoding = ENCODING # Encoding for 8-bit character strings. errors = None # Error handler for unicode conversion. tarinfo = TarInfo # The default TarInfo class to use. fileobject = ExFileObject # The default ExFileObject class to use. def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None, tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None, errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None): """Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode' defaults to 'r'. If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode. `fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed. """ modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"} if mode not in modes: raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") self.mode = mode self._mode = modes[mode] if not fileobj: if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name): # Create nonexistent files in append mode. self.mode = "w" self._mode = "wb" fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode) self._extfileobj = False else: if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"): name = fileobj.name if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"): self._mode = fileobj.mode self._extfileobj = True self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None self.fileobj = fileobj # Init attributes. if format is not None: self.format = format if tarinfo is not None: self.tarinfo = tarinfo if dereference is not None: self.dereference = dereference if ignore_zeros is not None: self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros if encoding is not None: self.encoding = encoding if errors is not None: self.errors = errors elif mode == "r": self.errors = "utf-8" else: self.errors = "strict" if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT: self.pax_headers = pax_headers else: self.pax_headers = {} if debug is not None: self.debug = debug if errorlevel is not None: self.errorlevel = errorlevel # Init datastructures. self.closed = False self.members = [] # list of members as TarInfo objects self._loaded = False # flag if all members have been read self.offset = self.fileobj.tell() # current position in the archive file self.inodes = {} # dictionary caching the inodes of # archive members already added try: if self.mode == "r": self.firstmember = None self.firstmember = self.next() if self.mode == "a": # Move to the end of the archive, # before the first empty block. while True: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) self.members.append(tarinfo) except EOFHeaderError: self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) break except HeaderError, e: raise ReadError(str(e)) if self.mode in "aw": self._loaded = True if self.pax_headers: buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy()) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) except: if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True raise def _getposix(self): return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT def _setposix(self, value): import warnings warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning, 2) if value: self.format = USTAR_FORMAT else: self.format = GNU_FORMAT posix = property(_getposix, _setposix) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the # TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for # public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an # adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping # from OPEN_METH. # # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of # the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available # by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH. @classmethod def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs): """Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return an appropriate TarFile class. mode: 'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression 'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed 'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression 'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression 'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary 'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression 'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression 'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression 'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression 'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading 'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks 'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks 'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing 'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing 'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing """ if not name and not fileobj: raise ValueError("nothing to open") if mode in ("r", "r:*"): # Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file. for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) if fileobj is not None: saved_pos = fileobj.tell() try: return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs) except (ReadError, CompressionError), e: if fileobj is not None: fileobj.seek(saved_pos) continue raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully") elif ":" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" # Select the *open() function according to # given compression. if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH: func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype]) else: raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype) return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs) elif "|" in mode: filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1) filemode = filemode or "r" comptype = comptype or "tar" if filemode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize) try: t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs) except: stream.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t elif mode in ("a", "w"): return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) raise ValueError("undiscernible mode") @classmethod def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs): """Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing. """ if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'") return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) @classmethod def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if mode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'") try: import gzip gzip.GzipFile except (ImportError, AttributeError): raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available") try: fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj) except OSError: if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a gzip file") raise try: t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except IOError: fileobj.close() if mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a gzip file") raise except: fileobj.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t @classmethod def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs): """Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing. Appending is not allowed. """ if mode not in ("r", "w"): raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.") try: import bz2 except ImportError: raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available") if fileobj is not None: fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode) else: fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel) try: t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs) except (IOError, EOFError): fileobj.close() if mode == 'r': raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file") raise except: fileobj.close() raise t._extfileobj = False return t # All *open() methods are registered here. OPEN_METH = { "tar": "taropen", # uncompressed tar "gz": "gzopen", # gzip compressed tar "bz2": "bz2open" # bzip2 compressed tar } #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The public methods which TarFile provides: def close(self): """Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are appended to the archive. """ if self.closed: return if self.mode in "aw": self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2)) self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2) # fill up the end with zero-blocks # (like option -b20 for tar does) blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder)) if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True def getmember(self, name): """Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the most up-to-date version. """ tarinfo = self._getmember(name) if tarinfo is None: raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name) return tarinfo def getmembers(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The list has the same order as the members in the archive. """ self._check() if not self._loaded: # if we want to obtain a list of self._load() # all members, we first have to # scan the whole archive. return self.members def getnames(self): """Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has the same order as the list returned by getmembers(). """ return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()] def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None): """Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. """ self._check("aw") # When fileobj is given, replace name by # fileobj's real name. if fileobj is not None: name = fileobj.name # Building the name of the member in the archive. # Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes, # Absolute paths are turned to relative paths. if arcname is None: arcname = name drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname) arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/") arcname = arcname.lstrip("/") # Now, fill the TarInfo object with # information specific for the file. tarinfo = self.tarinfo() tarinfo.tarfile = self # Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform # and if symlinks shall be resolved. if fileobj is None: if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference: statres = os.lstat(name) else: statres = os.stat(name) else: statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno()) linkname = "" stmd = statres.st_mode if stat.S_ISREG(stmd): inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev) if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \ inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]: # Is it a hardlink to an already # archived file? type = LNKTYPE linkname = self.inodes[inode] else: # The inode is added only if its valid. # For win32 it is always 0. type = REGTYPE if inode[0]: self.inodes[inode] = arcname elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd): type = DIRTYPE elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd): type = FIFOTYPE elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd): type = SYMTYPE linkname = os.readlink(name) elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd): type = CHRTYPE elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd): type = BLKTYPE else: return None # Fill the TarInfo object with all # information we can get. tarinfo.name = arcname tarinfo.mode = stmd tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid if type == REGTYPE: tarinfo.size = statres.st_size else: tarinfo.size = 0L tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime tarinfo.type = type tarinfo.linkname = linkname if pwd: try: tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0] except KeyError: pass if grp: try: tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0] except KeyError: pass if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE): if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"): tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev) tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev) return tarinfo def list(self, verbose=True): """Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like output is produced. """ self._check() for tarinfo in self: if verbose: print filemode(tarinfo.mode), print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid, tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid), if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \ % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)), else: print "%10d" % tarinfo.size, print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \ % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6], print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""), if verbose: if tarinfo.issym(): print "->", tarinfo.linkname, if tarinfo.islnk(): print "link to", tarinfo.linkname, print def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None): """Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file (directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive. Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be excluded from the archive. """ self._check("aw") if arcname is None: arcname = name # Exclude pathnames. if exclude is not None: import warnings warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead", DeprecationWarning, 2) if exclude(name): self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive... if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name) return self._dbg(1, name) # Create a TarInfo object from the file. tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name) return # Change or exclude the TarInfo object. if filter is not None: tarinfo = filter(tarinfo) if tarinfo is None: self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name) return # Append the tar header and data to the archive. if tarinfo.isreg(): with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f: self.addfile(tarinfo, f) elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.addfile(tarinfo) if recursive: for f in os.listdir(name): self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f), recursive, exclude, filter) else: self.addfile(tarinfo) def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None): """Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive. You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo(). On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode 'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size. """ self._check("aw") tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors) self.fileobj.write(buf) self.offset += len(buf) # If there's data to follow, append it. if fileobj is not None: copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size) blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE) if remainder > 0: self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder)) blocks += 1 self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE self.members.append(tarinfo) def extractall(self, path=".", members=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by getmembers(). """ directories = [] if members is None: members = self for tarinfo in members: if tarinfo.isdir(): # Extract directories with a safe mode. directories.append(tarinfo) tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo) tarinfo.mode = 0700 self.extract(tarinfo, path) # Reverse sort directories. directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name')) directories.reverse() # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories. for tarinfo in directories: dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name) try: self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath) self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath) self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath) except ExtractError, e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extract(self, member, path=""): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member # Prepare the link target for makelink(). if tarinfo.islnk(): tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname) try: self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)) except EnvironmentError, e: if self.errorlevel > 0: raise else: if e.filename is None: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror) else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename)) except ExtractError, e: if self.errorlevel > 1: raise else: self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e) def extractfile(self, member): """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of the above, None is returned. The file-like object is read-only and provides the following methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell() """ self._check("r") if isinstance(member, basestring): tarinfo = self.getmember(member) else: tarinfo = member if tarinfo.isreg(): return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: # If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a # regular file. return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream): # A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries # to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable # stream of tar blocks. raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object") else: # A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object. return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo)) else: # If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev, # blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object. return None def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical file called targetpath. """ # Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name # and build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/") targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep) # Create all upper directories. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): # Create directories that are not part of the archive with # default permissions. os.makedirs(upperdirs) if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname)) else: self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name) if tarinfo.isreg(): self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isdir(): self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.isfifo(): self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk(): self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym(): self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath) elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES: self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath) else: self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath) if not tarinfo.issym(): self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath) self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath) #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Below are the different file methods. They are called via # _extract_member() when extract() is called. They can be replaced in a # subclass to implement other functionality. def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a directory called targetpath. """ try: # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set # later in _extract_member(). os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700) except EnvironmentError, e: if e.errno != errno.EEXIST: raise def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file called targetpath. """ source = self.extractfile(tarinfo) try: with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target: copyfileobj(source, target) finally: source.close() def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type at targetpath. """ self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath) self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \ "extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type) def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a fifo called targetpath. """ if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"): os.mkfifo(targetpath) else: raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system") def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a character or block device called targetpath. """ if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"): raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system") mode = tarinfo.mode if tarinfo.isblk(): mode |= stat.S_IFBLK else: mode |= stat.S_IFCHR os.mknod(targetpath, mode, os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)) def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created (platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file instead of a link. """ if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"): # For systems that support symbolic and hard links. if tarinfo.issym(): if os.path.lexists(targetpath): os.unlink(targetpath) os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath) else: # See extract(). if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target): if os.path.lexists(targetpath): os.unlink(targetpath) os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath) else: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) else: try: self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath) except KeyError: raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive") def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0: # We have to be root to do so. try: g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2] except KeyError: g = tarinfo.gid try: u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2] except KeyError: u = tarinfo.uid try: if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"): os.lchown(targetpath, u, g) else: if sys.platform != "os2emx": os.chown(targetpath, u, g) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change owner") def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): try: os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change mode") def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath): """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo. """ if not hasattr(os, 'utime'): return try: os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime)) except EnvironmentError, e: raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- def next(self): """Return the next member of the archive as a TarInfo object, when TarFile is opened for reading. Return None if there is no more available. """ self._check("ra") if self.firstmember is not None: m = self.firstmember self.firstmember = None return m # Read the next block. self.fileobj.seek(self.offset) tarinfo = None while True: try: tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self) except EOFHeaderError, e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue except InvalidHeaderError, e: if self.ignore_zeros: self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e)) self.offset += BLOCKSIZE continue elif self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except EmptyHeaderError: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError("empty file") except TruncatedHeaderError, e: if self.offset == 0: raise ReadError(str(e)) except SubsequentHeaderError, e: raise ReadError(str(e)) break if tarinfo is not None: self.members.append(tarinfo) else: self._loaded = True return tarinfo #-------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Little helper methods: def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False): """Find an archive member by name from bottom to top. If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point. """ # Ensure that all members have been loaded. members = self.getmembers() # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo. if tarinfo is not None: members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)] if normalize: name = os.path.normpath(name) for member in reversed(members): if normalize: member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name) else: member_name = member.name if name == member_name: return member def _load(self): """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable members. """ while True: tarinfo = self.next() if tarinfo is None: break self._loaded = True def _check(self, mode=None): """Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode corresponds to TarFile's mode. """ if self.closed: raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__) if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode: raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode) def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo): """Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the archive. """ if tarinfo.issym(): # Always search the entire archive. linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname))) limit = None else: # Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is # just a reference to an already archived file. linkname = tarinfo.linkname limit = tarinfo member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True) if member is None: raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname) return member def __iter__(self): """Provide an iterator object. """ if self._loaded: return iter(self.members) else: return TarIter(self) def _dbg(self, level, msg): """Write debugging output to sys.stderr. """ if level <= self.debug: print >> sys.stderr, msg def __enter__(self): self._check() return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): if type is None: self.close() else: # An exception occurred. We must not call close() because # it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding. if not self._extfileobj: self.fileobj.close() self.closed = True # class TarFile
七、ConfigParser
用于对特定的配置进行操作，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
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# 注释1
; 注释
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[section1]
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k2:v2
[section2]
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import
ConfigParser
config
=
ConfigParser.ConfigParser()
config.read(
'i.cfg'
)
# ########## 读 ##########
#secs = config.sections()
#print secs
#options = config.options('group2')
#print options
#item_list = config.items('group2')
#print item_list
#val = config.get('group1','key')
#val = config.getint('group1','key')
# ########## 改写 ##########
#sec = config.remove_section('group1')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')
#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#config.set('group2','k1',11111)
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
#config.remove_option('group2','age')
#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
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八、logging
logging模块
很多程序都有记录日志的需求，并且日志中包含的信息即有正常的程序访问日志，还可能有错误、警告等信息输出，python的logging模块提供了标准的日志接口，你可以通过它存储各种格式的日志，logging的日志可以分为 debug(), info(), warning(), error() and critical() 5个级别，下面我们看一下怎么用。
最简单用法
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import
logging
logging.warning(
"user [alex] attempted wrong password more than 3 times"
)
logging.critical(
"server is down"
)
#输出
WARNING:root:user [alex] attempted wrong password more than
3
times
CRITICAL:root:server
is
down
|
看一下这几个日志级别分别代表什么意思
| Level | When it’s used |
|---|---|
DEBUG |
Detailed information, typically of interest only when diagnosing problems. |
INFO |
Confirmation that things are working as expected. |
WARNING |
An indication that something unexpected happened, or indicative of some problem in the near future (e.g. ‘disk space low’). The software is still working as expected. |
ERROR |
Due to a more serious problem, the software has not been able to perform some function. |
CRITICAL |
A serious error, indicating that the program itself may be unable to continue running. |
如果想把日志写到文件里，也很简单
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import
logging
logging.basicConfig(filename
=
'example.log'
,level
=
logging.INFO)
logging.debug(
'This message should go to the log file'
)
logging.info(
'So should this'
)
logging.warning(
'And this, too'
)
|
其中下面这句中的level=loggin.INFO意思是，把日志纪录级别设置为INFO，也就是说，只有比日志是INFO或比INFO级别更高的日志才会被纪录到文件里，在这个例子， 第一条日志是不会被纪录的，如果希望纪录debug的日志，那把日志级别改成DEBUG就行了。
|
1
|
logging.basicConfig(filename
=
'example.log'
,level
=
logging.INFO)
|
感觉上面的日志格式忘记加上时间啦，日志不知道时间怎么行呢，下面就来加上!
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import
logging
logging.basicConfig(
format
=
'%(asctime)s %(message)s'
, datefmt
=
'%m/%d/%Y %I:%M:%S %p'
)
logging.warning(
'is when this event was logged.'
)
#输出
12
/
12
/
2010
11
:
46
:
36
AM
is
when this event was logged.
|
日志格式
%(name)s |
Logger的名字 |
%(levelno)s |
数字形式的日志级别 |
%(levelname)s |
文本形式的日志级别 |
%(pathname)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块的完整路径名，可能没有 |
%(filename)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块的文件名 |
%(module)s |
调用日志输出函数的模块名 |
%(funcName)s |
调用日志输出函数的函数名 |
%(lineno)d |
调用日志输出函数的语句所在的代码行 |
%(created)f |
当前时间，用UNIX标准的表示时间的浮 点数表示 |
%(relativeCreated)d |
输出日志信息时的，自Logger创建以 来的毫秒数 |
%(asctime)s |
字符串形式的当前时间。默认格式是 “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896”。逗号后面的是毫秒 |
%(thread)d |
线程ID。可能没有 |
%(threadName)s |
线程名。可能没有 |
%(process)d |
进程ID。可能没有 |
%(message)s |
用户输出的消息 |
如果想同时把log打印在屏幕和文件日志里，就需要了解一点复杂的知识 了
Python 使用logging模块记录日志涉及四个主要类，使用官方文档中的概括最为合适：
logger提供了应用程序可以直接使用的接口；
handler将(logger创建的)日志记录发送到合适的目的输出；
filter提供了细度设备来决定输出哪条日志记录；
formatter决定日志记录的最终输出格式。
logger
每个程序在输出信息之前都要获得一个Logger。Logger通常对应了程序的模块名，比如聊天工具的图形界面模块可以这样获得它的Logger：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.gui”)
而核心模块可以这样：
LOG=logging.getLogger(”chat.kernel”)
Logger.setLevel(lel):指定最低的日志级别，低于lel的级别将被忽略。debug是最低的内置级别，critical为最高
Logger.addFilter(filt)、Logger.removeFilter(filt):添加或删除指定的filter
Logger.addHandler(hdlr)、Logger.removeHandler(hdlr)：增加或删除指定的handler
Logger.debug()、Logger.info()、Logger.warning()、Logger.error()、Logger.critical()：可以设置的日志级别
handler
handler对象负责发送相关的信息到指定目的地。Python的日志系统有多种Handler可以使用。有些Handler可以把信息输出到控制台，有些Logger可以把信息输出到文件，还有些 Handler可以把信息发送到网络上。如果觉得不够用，还可以编写自己的Handler。可以通过addHandler()方法添加多个多handler
Handler.setLevel(lel):指定被处理的信息级别，低于lel级别的信息将被忽略
Handler.setFormatter()：给这个handler选择一个格式
Handler.addFilter(filt)、Handler.removeFilter(filt)：新增或删除一个filter对象
每个Logger可以附加多个Handler。接下来我们就来介绍一些常用的Handler：
1) logging.StreamHandler
使用这个Handler可以向类似与sys.stdout或者sys.stderr的任何文件对象(file object)输出信息。它的构造函数是：
StreamHandler([strm])
其中strm参数是一个文件对象。默认是sys.stderr
2) logging.FileHandler
和StreamHandler类似，用于向一个文件输出日志信息。不过FileHandler会帮你打开这个文件。它的构造函数是：
FileHandler(filename[,mode])
filename是文件名，必须指定一个文件名。
mode是文件的打开方式。参见Python内置函数open()的用法。默认是’a'，即添加到文件末尾。
3) logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler
这个Handler类似于上面的FileHandler，但是它可以管理文件大小。当文件达到一定大小之后，它会自动将当前日志文件改名，然后创建 一个新的同名日志文件继续输出。比如日志文件是chat.log。当chat.log达到指定的大小之后，RotatingFileHandler自动把 文件改名为chat.log.1。不过，如果chat.log.1已经存在，会先把chat.log.1重命名为chat.log.2。。。最后重新创建 chat.log，继续输出日志信息。它的构造函数是：
RotatingFileHandler( filename[, mode[, maxBytes[, backupCount]]])
其中filename和mode两个参数和FileHandler一样。
maxBytes用于指定日志文件的最大文件大小。如果maxBytes为0，意味着日志文件可以无限大，这时上面描述的重命名过程就不会发生。
backupCount用于指定保留的备份文件的个数。比如，如果指定为2，当上面描述的重命名过程发生时，原有的chat.log.2并不会被更名，而是被删除。
4) logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler
这个Handler和RotatingFileHandler类似，不过，它没有通过判断文件大小来决定何时重新创建日志文件，而是间隔一定时间就 自动创建新的日志文件。重命名的过程与RotatingFileHandler类似，不过新的文件不是附加数字，而是当前时间。它的构造函数是：
TimedRotatingFileHandler( filename [,when [,interval [,backupCount]]])
其中filename参数和backupCount参数和RotatingFileHandler具有相同的意义。
interval是时间间隔。
when参数是一个字符串。表示时间间隔的单位，不区分大小写。它有以下取值：
S 秒
M 分
H 小时
D 天
W 每星期（interval==0时代表星期一）
midnight 每天凌晨
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import
logging
#create logger
logger
=
logging.getLogger(
'TEST-LOG'
)
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create console handler and set level to debug
ch
=
logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# create file handler and set level to warning
fh
=
logging.FileHandler(
"access.log"
)
fh.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
# create formatter
formatter
=
logging.Formatter(
'%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)
# add formatter to ch and fh
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
fh.setFormatter(formatter)
# add ch and fh to logger
logger.addHandler(ch)
logger.addHandler(fh)
# 'application' code
logger.debug(
'debug message'
)
logger.info(
'info message'
)
logger.warn(
'warn message'
)
logger.error(
'error message'
)
logger.critical(
'critical message'
)
|
文件自动截断例子
import logging from logging import handlers logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) log_file = "timelog.log" #fh = handlers.RotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,maxBytes=10,backupCount=3) fh = handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(filename=log_file,when="S",interval=5,backupCount=3) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(module)s:%(lineno)d %(message)s') fh.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(fh) logger.warning("test1") logger.warning("test12") logger.warning("test13") logger.warning("test14")
九、time
时间相关的操作，时间有三种表示方式：
- 时间戳 1970年1月1日之后的秒，即：time.time()
- 格式化的字符串 2014-11-11 11:11， 即：time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
- 结构化时间 元组包含了：年、日、星期等... time.struct_time 即：time.localtime()
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print
time.time()
print
time.mktime(time.localtime())
print
time.gmtime()
#可加时间戳参数
print
time.localtime()
#可加时间戳参数
print
time.strptime(
'2014-11-11'
,
'%Y-%m-%d'
)
print
time.strftime(
'%Y-%m-%d'
)
#默认当前时间
print
time.strftime(
'%Y-%m-%d'
,time.localtime())
#默认当前时间
print
time.asctime()
print
time.asctime(time.localtime())
print
time.ctime(time.time())
import
datetime
'''
datetime.date：表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day
datetime.time：表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond
datetime.datetime：表示日期时间
datetime.timedelta：表示时间间隔，即两个时间点之间的长度
timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]])
strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
'''
import
datetime
print
datetime.datetime.now()
print
datetime.datetime.now()
-
datetime.timedelta(days
=
5
)
|
