yum源配置与详解

一、yum简介

yum是解决rpm软件包的依赖性而开发的一种软件包管理器。yum 的宗旨是自动化地升级，安装/移除rpm 包，收集rpm 包的相关信息，检查依赖性并自动提示用户解决。yum 的关键之处是要有可靠的repository，顾名思义，这是软件的仓库，它可以是http 或ftp 站点。

二、yum安装

CentOS 默认已经安装了yum，不需要另外安装

1、查看系统默认安装的yum

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa |grep yum
yum-utils-1.1.31-45.el7.noarch
yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-45.el7.noarch
PackageKit-yum-1.1.5-1.el7.centos.x86_64
yum-metadata-parser-1.1.4-10.el7.x86_64
yum-langpacks-0.4.2-7.el7.noarch
yum-3.4.3-158.el7.centos.noarch

三、yum配置文件

yum客户端配置文件：

/etc/yum.conf：为所有仓库提供公共配置

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release

/etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo：为仓库的指向提供配置

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            [repoid]  仓库的名称，不能重复，独一无二
             name= 仓库的描述，可以不写，将会用repoid当作name
             enabled=1|0  激活或禁用仓库，若不写该行，则默认启用
             gpgcheck=1|0 是否在安装包是检测gpg签名，默认检测，即为1
             gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7  指定gpg key的路径

[root@localhost rpm-gpg]# ls
RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Debug-7  RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7
[root@localhost rpm-gpg]# pwd
/etc/pki/rpm-gpg

四、yum仓库的创建

yum的repo配置文件中可用的变量：

$releasever: 当前OS的发行版的主版本号

$arch: 平台，i386,i486,i586,x86_64等

$basearch：基础平台；i386, x86_64

$YUM0-$YUM9:自定义变量

• 实例:

http://server/centos/$releasever/$basearch/

 http://server/centos/7/x86_64

http://server/centos/6/i384

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/fhj.repo
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/fhj.repo
[base]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever Repo
baseurl=http://172.18.0.1/centos/$releasever
enabled=1                                                            #教师机yum源镜像
gpgcheck=0
[base]
name=Red Hat Enterprise Linux $releasever Repo
baseurl=file:///media                                          #本地yum源镜像
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
[epel]
name=mage epel $releasever
baseurl=http://172.18.0.1/fedora-epel/$releasever/$basearch
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0                                                            #第三方库文件
使用在线epel
[epel]
name=mage epel
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0

自动生成仓库

[root@localhost ~]# yum-config-manager --add "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
adding repo from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/

[mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_]
name=added from: https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/
enabled=1

五、yum命令

用法：yum          选项                命令               包名

yum clean all  清空yum缓存
yum makecache 重建缓存，（没有缓存时，首次使用yum的任何命令都会自动重建）

显示仓库列表

[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
  * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
repo id                               repo name                              status
C7.0.1406-base/x86_64                 CentOS-7.0.1406 - Base                 disabled
C7.0.1406-centosplus/x86_64           CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus           disabled
C7.0.1406-extras/x86_64               CentOS-7.0.1406 - Extras               disabled
C7.0.1406-fasttrack/x86_64            CentOS-7.0.1406 - CentOSPlus           disabled
C7.0.1406-updates/x86_64              CentOS-7.0.1406 - Updates              disabled
C7.1.1503-base/x86_64                 CentOS-7.1.1503 - Base                 disabled
C7.1.1503-centosplus/x86_64           CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus           disabled
C7.1.1503-extras/x86_64               CentOS-7.1.1503 - Extras               disabled
C7.1.1503-fasttrack/x86_64            CentOS-7.1.1503 - CentOSPlus           disabled
C7.1.1503-updates/x86_64              CentOS-7.1.1503 - Updates              disabled
C7.2.1511-base/x86_64                 CentOS-7.2.1511 - Base                 disabled
C7.2.1511-centosplus/x86_64           CentOS-7.2.1511 - CentOSPlus           disabled
C7.2.1511-extras/x86_64               CentOS-7.2.1511 - Extras               disabled

[root@localhost ~]# yum repolist enabled
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
  * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
repo id                                   repo name                                   status
base/7/x86_64                             CentOS-7 - Base                              9,911
epel/7/x86_64                             mage epel 7                                 11,349
extras/7/x86_64                           CentOS-7 - Extras                              368
updates/7/x86_64                          CentOS-7 - Updates                           1,041
repolist: 22,669

显示程序包

yum list

               base 未安装的包，来自于base
                epel 未安装的包，来自于epel
                @base 该包已经安装，且是从base安装的
                @anaconda 该包已经安装，且是从操作系统的安装程序anaconda安装的
 
               all 默认 表示列出所有包
               updates 列出可更新的包
               installed 列出已安装的包
               @repoid 表示该包安装自指定的仓库
               installed 表示该包由rpm命令手工安装

安装程序包：

[root@localhost ~]# yum install samba

重新安装

[root@localhost ~]# yum reinstall tree             

检查可用升级

[root@localhost ~]# yum check-update      

升级程序包

[root@localhost ~]# yum update sudo   

卸载程序包

[root@localhost ~]# yum remove sudo          卸载时不会连同依赖包一同卸载

查看指定包的详细信息

[root@localhost ~]# yum info tree

搜索一个文件来自于哪个rpm包，可以是未安装的包
yum provides "*/rz"  

[root@localhost ~]# yum provides "*/rz"
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
  * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
  * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_                          | 3.2 kB  00:00:00    
(1/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/group_gz          |  88 kB  00:00:00    
(2/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/updateinfo        | 932 kB  00:00:00    
(3/3): mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/primary           | 3.6 MB  00:00:00    
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_                                     12629/12629
base/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                           | 6.9 MB  00:00:00    
epel/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                           | 7.6 MB  00:00:00    
extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                         | 588 kB  00:00:00    
mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn_epel_7_x86_64_/filelists                |  10 MB  00:00:01    
updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                        | 2.4 MB  00:00:00    
lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
Repo        : base
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/rz

lrzsz-0.12.20-36.el7.x86_64 : The lrz and lsz modem communications programs
Repo        : @anaconda
Matched from:
Filename    : /usr/bin/rz

模糊搜索 软件包和描述

yum search 关键字

[root@localhost ~]# yum search samba

列出指定包所依赖的所有包

yum deplist php 

yum history       列出所有的yum历史
             info # 查看某条历史的详细信息
             redo # 重做某条历史
             undo # 撤消某条历史
                     如果该历史为install，则undo 是remove
                     如果该历史为remove，则undo 是install

注意：撤销某条历史（某个包的安装），安装的包会连同它的依赖包一同删除

安装本地的包
yum [local]install /path/*.rpm

[root@localhost ~]# yum install /media/Packages/php-5.4.16-45.el7.x86_64.rpm