Java多线程15:ConcurrentHashMap的详细介绍及源码分析——学习方腾飞Java并发编程的艺术

ConcurrentHashMap

HashMap是线程不安全的,我们假想假设

1、向HashMap中插入数据的时候

看一下HashMap插入的源码(JDK10)从1.8开始HashMap的源码就发生了很大变化,引入了红黑树,但是其实方法的本质没变,只不过当hash冲突时,如果一个hash位置上的数量超过了7个,就会将原来的连标转为树,这里不细讲

public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
    }

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

假如A线程和B线程同时进入putVal,然后计算出了相同的哈希值对应了相同的数组位置,因为此时该位置还没数据,然后对同一个位置写入数据,那后写入操作就会覆盖前一个写入操作造成写入操作丢失。

2、 HashMap扩容的时候

final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold
        }
        else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold
            newCap = oldThr;
        else {               // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults
            newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;
            newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
        }
        if (newThr == 0) {
            float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;
            newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?
                      (int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);
        }
        threshold = newThr;
        @SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})
        Node<K,V>[] newTab = (Node<K,V>[])new Node[newCap];
        table = newTab;
        if (oldTab != null) {
            for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {
                Node<K,V> e;
                if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {
                    oldTab[j] = null;
                    if (e.next == null)
                        newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;
                    else if (e instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);
                    else { // preserve order
                        Node<K,V> loHead = null, loTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> hiHead = null, hiTail = null;
                        Node<K,V> next;
                        do {
                            next = e.next;
                            if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {
                                if (loTail == null)
                                    loHead = e;
                                else
                                    loTail.next = e;
                                loTail = e;
                            }
                            else {
                                if (hiTail == null)
                                    hiHead = e;
                                else
                                    hiTail.next = e;
                                hiTail = e;
                            }
                        } while ((e = next) != null);
                        if (loTail != null) {
                            loTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j] = loHead;
                        }
                        if (hiTail != null) {
                            hiTail.next = null;
                            newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return newTab;
    }

当多个线程同时进来,检测到总数量超过门限值的时候就会同时调用resize操作,各自生成新的数组并rehash后赋给该map底层的数组table,结果最终只有最后一个线程生成的新数组被赋给table变量,其他线程的均会丢失。而且当某些线程已经完成赋值而其他线程刚开始的时候,就会用已经被赋值的table作为原始数组,这样也会有问题。所以在扩容操作的时候也有可能会引起一些并发的问题。

HashMap,HashTable,ConcurrentHashMap

1、HashMap是非线程安全的哈希表,常用于单线程程序中。
2、Hashtable是线程安全的哈希表,它是通过synchronized来保证线程安全的,但是效率比较低,因为当一个线程访问Hashtable的同步方法时,其它线程就访问Hashtable的同步方法时,可能会进入阻塞状态。
3、ConcurrentHashMap是线程安全的哈希表,它是通过“锁分段”来保证线程安全的。ConcurrentHashMap将哈希表分成许多片段(Segment),当多线程对同一个片段的访问,是互斥的;但是,对于不同片段的访问,是可以同步进行的。

segment

在1.8以后,ConcurrentHashMap里Segment虽保留,但已经简化属性,仅仅是为了兼容旧版本。我们已经看不到segment里的HashEntry了。

static class Segment<K,V> extends ReentrantLock implements Serializable {
        private static final long serialVersionUID = 2249069246763182397L;
        final float loadFactor;
        Segment(float lf) { this.loadFactor = lf; }
    }

1、put(K key, V value)

public V put(K key, V value) {
        return putVal(key, value, false);
    }

    /** Implementation for put and putIfAbsent */
    final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
        if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        int binCount = 0;
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh; K fk; V fv;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
                tab = initTable();
            else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
                if (casTabAt(tab, i, null, new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value)))
                    break;                   // no lock when adding to empty bin
            }
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else if (onlyIfAbsent // check first node without acquiring lock
                     && fh == hash
                     && ((fk = f.key) == key || (fk != null && key.equals(fk)))
                     && (fv = f.val) != null)
                return fv;
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            binCount = 1;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    oldVal = e.val;
                                    if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                        e.val = value;
                                    break;
                                }
                                Node<K,V> pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null) {
                                    pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value);
                                    break;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            Node<K,V> p;
                            binCount = 2;
                            if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
                                                           value)) != null) {
                                oldVal = p.val;
                                if (!onlyIfAbsent)
                                    p.val = value;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof ReservationNode)
                            throw new IllegalStateException("Recursive update");
                    }
                }
                if (binCount != 0) {
                    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
                        treeifyBin(tab, i);
                    if (oldVal != null)
                        return oldVal;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        addCount(1L, binCount);
        return null;
    }

分析一下
1、检查key/value是否为空,如果为空,则抛异常
2、计算一下hash的位置,进入for死循环
3、检查table是否初始化了,如果没有,调用initTable()进行初始化
4、根据计算在在table中储存的位置i,取出table[i]的节点用f表示。
5、如果f==null(即该位置的节点为空,没有发生碰撞),则利用CAS操作直接存储在该位置,如果CAS操作成功则退出死循环。
6、如果f!=null(即发生冲突),检查table[i]的节点的hash是否等于MOVED,如果等于,则检测到正在扩容,则帮助其扩容;
7、若table[i]的节点的hash值不等于MOVED,如果table[i]为链表节点,则将此节点插入链表中即可,如果table[i]为树节点,则将此节点插入树中即可。
8、如果table[i]的节点是链表节点,则检查table的第i个位置的链表是否需要转化为数,如果需要则调用treeifyBin函数进行转化

2、remove(Object key)

public V remove(Object key) {
        return replaceNode(key, null, null);
    }
final V replaceNode(Object key, V value, Object cv) {
        int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
        for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
            Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
            if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0 ||
                (f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null)
                break;
            else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
                tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
            else {
                V oldVal = null;
                boolean validated = false;
                synchronized (f) {
                    if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
                        if (fh >= 0) {
                            validated = true;
                            for (Node<K,V> e = f, pred = null;;) {
                                K ek;
                                if (e.hash == hash &&
                                    ((ek = e.key) == key ||
                                     (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
                                    V ev = e.val;
                                    if (cv == null || cv == ev ||
                                        (ev != null && cv.equals(ev))) {
                                        oldVal = ev;
                                        if (value != null)
                                            e.val = value;
                                        else if (pred != null)
                                            pred.next = e.next;
                                        else
                                            setTabAt(tab, i, e.next);
                                    }
                                    break;
                                }
                                pred = e;
                                if ((e = e.next) == null)
                                    break;
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
                            validated = true;
                            TreeBin<K,V> t = (TreeBin<K,V>)f;
                            TreeNode<K,V> r, p;
                            if ((r = t.root) != null &&
                                (p = r.findTreeNode(hash, key, null)) != null) {
                                V pv = p.val;
                                if (cv == null || cv == pv ||
                                    (pv != null && cv.equals(pv))) {
                                    oldVal = pv;
                                    if (value != null)
                                        p.val = value;
                                    else if (t.removeTreeNode(p))
                                        setTabAt(tab, i, untreeify(t.first));
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        else if (f instanceof ReservationNode)
                            throw new IllegalStateException("Recursive update");
                    }
                }
                if (validated) {
                    if (oldVal != null) {
                        if (value == null)
                            addCount(-1L, -1);
                        return oldVal;
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

remove方法的实现思路:
1、根据key的hash值计算在table中的位置 i。
2、检查table[i]是否为空,如果为空,则返回null
3、在table[i]存储的链表(或树)中开始遍历比对寻找,如果找到节点符合key的,则判断value是否为null来决定是否是更新oldValue还是删除该节点。

3、get(Object key)

public V get(Object key) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
        int h = spread(key.hashCode());
        if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
            (e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
            if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
                if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
                    return e.val;
            }
            else if (eh < 0)
                return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
            while ((e = e.next) != null) {
                if (e.hash == h &&
                    ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
                    return e.val;
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

get方法比较简单,就是hash找到对应的位置,然后比对一下,是否是要找的key,找到就返回对应位置的value,否则返回null。

举个例子

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;

/**
 * @author fitz.bai
 */
public class MyThread19 {

    private static Map<String, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        new MyThread("a").start();
        new MyThread("b").start();
    }

    private static void printAll() {
        String key, value;
        Iterator iter = map.entrySet().iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry) iter.next();
            key = (String) entry.getKey();
            value = (String) entry.getValue();
            System.out.print(key + " - " + value + ", ");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    private static class MyThread extends Thread {
        MyThread(String name) {
            super(name);
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
                String val = Thread.currentThread().getName() + i;
                map.put(val, String.valueOf(i));
                printAll();
            }
        }
    }
}
// 运行结果
a1 - 1, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, a2 - 2, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, a2 - 2, a3 - 3, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, a2 - 2, a3 - 3, a4 - 4, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, a2 - 2, a3 - 3, a4 - 4, a5 - 5, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, b2 - 2, a2 - 2, a3 - 3, a4 - 4, a5 - 5, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, b2 - 2, a2 - 2, b3 - 3, a3 - 3, a4 - 4, a5 - 5, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, b2 - 2, a2 - 2, b3 - 3, a3 - 3, b4 - 4, a4 - 4, a5 - 5, b1 - 1, 
a1 - 1, b2 - 2, a2 - 2, b3 - 3, a3 - 3, b4 - 4, a4 - 4, b5 - 5, a5 - 5, b1 - 1, 

结果没问题,但是换成HashMap则会报错。

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_22798455/article/details/81512413