plsql过程化语言
--控制输出--
declare
begin
dbms_output.put_line('hello/plsql');
end;
--变量的声明和使用--
declare
v_num number(8):=10;
v_num1 number(8):=20;
v_num2 number(8);
begin
v_num2:=v_num+v_num1;
dbms_output.put_line('结果为：'||v_num2);
end;
--声明常量 在数据类型前面加constant--
declare
π constant number(8,5):=3.1415;
R number(9):=2;
area number(10,8);
begin
area:=π*R*R;
dbms_output.put_line(area);
end;
--关于赋值--把emp表的7369的工资sal 赋值给v_sal--into--
declare
v_empno number(4):=7369;
v_sal number(7,2);
begin
select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=v_empno;
dbms_output.put_line(v_empno||'的工资为'||v_sal);
end;
---使用表的列类型--v_empno的类型是emp表empno字段的类型--
declare
v_empno emp.empno%type:=7499;
v_sal emp.sal%type;
begin
select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=v_empno;
dbms_output.put_line(v_empno||'的工资为'||v_sal);
end;
declare
v_cname emp.ename%type;
v_cjob emp.job%type;
begin
select emp.ename,emp.job into v_cname,v_cjob from emp where emp.empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line(v_cname||'的工作为：'||v_cjob);
end;
--使用表的行类型--
declare
erow emp%rowtype;
begin
select * into erow from emp where emp.empno=7369;
dbms_output.put_line('姓名：'||erow.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('工作：'||erow.job);
end;
--使用分支语句
declare
erow emp%rowtype;
num1 number;
begin
select * into erow from emp where emp.empno=7369;
select count(emp.empno) into num1 from emp where emp.empno=7369;
if num1>0 then
dbms_output.put_line('姓名：'||erow.ename);
dbms_output.put_line('职位：'||erow.job);
else
dbms_output.put_line('没有此人');
end if;
end;
--弹出框
accept num prompt'请输入一个数字';
declare
pnum number:=#
begin
if pnum=0 then dbms_output.put_line('你输入的是0');
elsif pnum=1 then dbms_output.put_line('你输入的是1');
else dbms_output.put_line('你输入了其他数字');
end if;
end;
--loop循环语句--
declare
i number;
begin
i:=0;
loop
i:=i+1;
dbms_output.put_line(i);
exit when(i>100);
end loop;
end;
--while循环--
declare
i number :=1;
begin
while i<10 loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
i:=i+1;
end loop;
end;
--for循环--
declare
i number:=1;
begin
for i in 1..100 loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
--for循环反序--
declare
i number:=1;
begin
for i in reverse 1..100 loop
dbms_output.put_line(i);
end loop;
end;
游标游标相当于一个集合
--打印emp的员工的工资
declare
--定游光标--
cursor cemp is select ename,sal from emp;
--为游标定义对应的变量
pname emp.ename%type;
psal emp.sal%type;
begin
open cemp;
--循环取出游标里的元素
loop
--取一条记录赋值给pname 和 psal--
fetch cemp into pname,psal;
exit when cemp%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(pname||'的工资为'||psal);
end loop;
close cemp;
end;
案例给emp表的老板的工资+1000 经理+800，员工+400
declare
--查询emp表的编号和工作放入游标中（相当集合）
cursor cemp is select empno,job from emp;
pempno emp.empno%type;
pjob emp.job%type;
begin
--打开游标--
open cemp;
loop
--遍历游标把empno赋值给pempno job赋值给pjob。
fetch cemp into pempno,pjob;
--循环的退出条件为cemp游标没有值时
exit when cemp%notfound;
--如果pjob为president说明就是老板
if pjob='PRESIDENT' then update emp set sal=sal+1000 where empno=pempno;
--如果pjob是manager说明是经理
elsif pjob='MANAGER' then update emp set sal=sal+800 where empno=pempno;
--否则就是员工
else update emp set sal=sal+400 where empno=pempno;
end if;
--结束循环--
end loop;
--关闭游标--
close cemp;
end;
通过system用户 在SQL plus上输入 show parameter cursor 可以查看cursor的最大连接数
修改光标的最大连接数 alter system set open_cursors=400 scope=both;
scope的取值有三个 both：两个同时更改
memory ：只更改当前事例，不更改 参数文件
spfile：只更改参数文件，不更改当前事例（数据库重启服务）
set serveroutput on 打开oracle自带的输出方法dbms_output
游标的四个属性
%found如果游标里面还有就返回true 否则返回false
%notfound 如果游标没有了返回true 否则返回false
%isopen判断游标是否打开 打开true 没打开false
%rowcount 返回影响的行数，比如现在游标有100条数据，这个游标执行影响了10条，返回10
--带参数的游标，输出某个部门的所有员工的姓名
declare
cursor cemp (pno number) is select ename from emp where deptno=pno;
pname emp.ename%type;
begin
open cemp(10);
loop
fetch cemp into pname;
exit when cemp%notfound;
dbms_output.put_line(pname);
end loop;
close cemp;
end;
列外
定义：程序设计语言提供的一种功能，用来增强程序的健壮性和容错性。
系统例外：no_data_found(没有找到数据)
Too_many_rows(select...into...匹配多个行)
zero_divide(0不能做除数)
value_error(算数或转化错误)
timeout_on_resource(等待资源发生超时)
总结
案例：
--打印emp表每个年份的入职人数和总的入职人数--
declare
cursor cemp is select to_char(hiredate,'yyyy') from emp;
phiredate varchar2(4);
count80 number:=0;
count81 number:=0;
count82 number:=0;
count87 number:=0;
begin
open cemp;
loop
fetch cemp into phiredate;
exit when cemp%notfound;
if phiredate='1980'then count80:=count80+1;
elsif phiredate='1981'then count81:=count81+1;
elsif phiredate='1982'then count82:=count82+1;
else count87:=count87+1;
end if;
end loop;
close cemp;
dbms_output.put_line('total'||(count80+count81+count80+count87));
dbms_output.put_line('1980'||count80);
dbms_output.put_line('1981'||count81);
dbms_output.put_line('1982'||count82);
dbms_output.put_line('1987'||count87);
end;
案例2.--给emp表的员工涨工资幅度为10%由工资最低的员工开始，
--但是工资的总额不能超过7w打印出涨工资的人数和工资总额
--分析 sql select empno,sal from emp group by sal;--根据工资进行升序
--变量saltotal工资总额，countemp 涨工资人数
declare
cursor cemp is select empno,sal from emp order by sal;
pempno emp.empno%type;
psal emp.sal%type;
--工资总额
saltotal number;
--涨工资人数
countsal number:=0;
begin
--得到涨工资的初始值
select sum(sal) into saltotal from emp;
open cemp;
loop
--循环退出条件--
exit when saltotal>70000;
fetch cemp into pempno,psal;
exit when cemp%notfound;
--开始涨工资
if(saltotal+psal*0.1)<=70000 then
update emp set sal=psal*1.1 where empno=pempno;
countsal:=countsal+1;
saltotal:=saltotal+psal*0.1;
end if;
end loop;
close cemp;
commit;
dbms_output.put_line('涨工资的人数为：'||countsal||' 工资总额为：'||saltotal);
end;
案例3.
--通过plsql编写程序，按部门号统计7000以上，3000-7000，3000以下的人数，和部门工资总额
declare
--查询所有的部门编号；
cursor cdept is select deptno from dept;
cdeptno dept.deptno%type;
--查询某个部门中的员工的工资；
cursor cemp(pnum number) is select sal from emp where deptno=pnum;
csal emp.sal%type;
count3 number;
count3_7 number;
count7 number;
sumsal number;
begin
open cdept;
--拿到部门号--
loop
fetch cdept into cdeptno;
exit when cdept%notfound;
--初始化count3，count3_7,count1
count3:=0;
count3_7:=0;
count7:=0;
--得到工资总额sumsal
select sum(sal) into sumsal from emp where deptno=cdeptno;
--把部门号放入cemp游标查出所有员工的工资
open cemp(cdeptno);
loop
fetch cemp into csal;
exit when cemp%notfound;
if csal<3000 then count3:=count3+1;
elsif csal>=3000 and csal<=7000 then count3_7:=count3_7+1;
else count7:=count7+1;
end if;
end loop;
close cemp;
dbms_output.put_line('部门号'||cdeptno||' 3000以内的员工人数'||count3||' 3-7千的人数'||count3_7||' 7千以上的人数'||count7||' 总工资'||sumsal);
end loop;
close cdept;
end;
案例4.
--drop table sc;
--drop table course;
--drop table student;
--drop table teacher;
--drop table dep;--
CREATE TABLE DEP--系表
(DNO NUMBER(2),
DNAME VARCHAR2(30),
DIRECTOR NUMBER(4),
TEL VARCHAR2(8));
CREATE TABLE TEACHER
(TNO NUMBER(4),
TNAME VARCHAR2(10),
TITLE VARCHAR2(20),
HIREDATE DATE,
SAL NUMBER(7,2),
BONUS NUMBER(7,2),
MGR NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(2));
CREATE TABLE student
(sno NUMBER(6),
sname VARCHAR2(8),
sex VARCHAR2(2),
birth DATE,
passwd VARCHAR2(8),
dno NUMBER(2));--学生系号对应系表
CREATE TABLE course--课程表
(cno VARCHAR2(8),--编号
cname VARCHAR2(20),--名称
credit NUMBER(1),--学分
ctime NUMBER(2),--时长
quota NUMBER(3));--容量这门课可以有多少人上
CREATE TABLE sc
(sno NUMBER(6),--学生编号
cno VARCHAR2(8),--课程编号
grade NUMBER(3));--成绩多少
--创建一张表保存查询出来的数据
create table msg1(
cursorname varchar2(20),--课程名
dname varchar2(20),--系名
count1 number(9),--小于60分的人数
count2 number(9),--60-85分的人数
count3 number(9),--85分以上的人数
avggrade number(9)--平均成绩
);
alter table dep add (constraint pk_deptno primary key(dno));
alter table dep add(constraint dno_number_check check(dno>=10 and dno<=50));
alter table dep modify(tel default 62795032);
alter table student add (constraint pk_sno primary key(sno));
alter table student add(constraint sex_check check(sex='男' or sex='女'));
alter table student modify(birth default sysdate);
alter table course add (constraint pk_cno primary key(cno));
alter table sc add (constraint pk_key primary key(cno,sno));
alter table teacher add (constraint pk_tno primary key(tno));
alter table sc add (FOREIGN KEY(cno) REFERENCES course(cno));
alter table sc add (FOREIGN KEY(sno) REFERENCES student(sno));
alter table student add (FOREIGN KEY(dno) REFERENCES dep(dno));
alter table teacher add (FOREIGN KEY(deptno) REFERENCES dep(dno));
INSERT INTO DEP VALUES (10, '计算机系', 9469 , '62785234');
INSERT INTO DEP VALUES (20,'自动化系', 9581 , '62775234');
INSERT INTO DEP VALUES (30,'无线电系', 9791 , '62778932');
INSERT INTO DEP VALUES (40,'信息管理系', 9611, '62785520');
INSERT INTO DEP VALUES (50,'微纳电子系', 2031, '62797686');
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9468,'CHARLES','PROFESSOR','17-12月-2004',8000,1000,NULL,10);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9469,'SMITH','PROFESSOR','17-12月-2004',5000,1000 ,9468,10);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9470,'ALLEN','ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR', '20-2月-2003',4200,500,9469,10);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9471,'WARD','LECTURER', '22-2月-2004',3000,300,9469,10);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9581,'JONES','PROFESSOR ', '2-4月-2003',6500,1000,9468,20);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9582,'MARTIN','ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ','28-9月-2005',4000,800,9581,20);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9583,'BLAKE','LECTURER ','1-5月-2006',3000,300,9581,20);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9791,'CLARK','PROFESSO', '9-6月-2003',5500,NULL,9468,30);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9792,'SCOTT','ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR ','09-12月-2004',4500,NULL,9791,30);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9793,'BAGGY','LECTURER','17-11月-2004',3000,NULL,9791,30);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9611,'TURNER','PROFESSOR ','8-9月-2005',6000,1000,9468,40);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9612,'ADAMS','ASSOCIATE PROFESSO','12-1月-2004',4800,800,9611,40);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(9613,'JAMES','LECTURER','3-12月-2006',2800,200,9611,40);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(2031,'FORD','PROFESSOR','3-12月-2005',5500,NULL,9468,50);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(2032,'MILLER','ASSOCIATE PROFESSO','23-1月-2005',4300,NULL,2031,50);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(2033,'MIGEAL','LECTURER','23-1月-2006',2900,NULL,2031,50);
INSERT INTO TEACHER VALUES(2034,'PEGGY', 'LECTURER', '23-1月-2007',2500,NULL,2031,50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('01-8月 -10',1,'John','男','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('02-8月 -10',2,'Jacob','男','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('03-8月 -10',3,'Michael','男','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('04-8月 -10',4,'Joshua','男','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('05-8月 -10',5,'Ethan','男','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('06-8月 -10',6,'Matthew','男','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('07-8月 -10',7,'Daniel','男','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('08-8月 -10',8,'Chris','男','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('09-8月 -10',9,'Andrew','男','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('10-8月 -10',10,'Anthony','男','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('11-8月 -10',11,'William','男','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('12-8月 -10',12,'Joseph','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('13-8月 -10',13,'Alex','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('14-8月 -10',14,'David','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('15-8月 -10',15,'Ryan','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('16-8月 -10',16,'Noah','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('17-8月 -10',17,'James','男','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('18-8月 -10',18,'Nicholas','男','123456',50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('19-8月 -10',19,'Tyler','男','123456',50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('20-8月 -10',20,'Logan','男','123456',50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('21-8月 -10',21,'Emily','女','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('22-8月 -10',22,'Emma','女','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('23-8月 -10',23,'Madis','女','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('24-8月 -10',24,'Isabe','女','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('25-8月 -10',25,'Ava','女','123456',10);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('26-8月 -10',26,'Abigail','女','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('27-8月 -10',27,'Olivia','女','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('28-8月 -10',28,'Hannah','女','123456',20);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('29-8月 -10',29,'Sophia','女','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('30-8月 -10',30,'Samant','女','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('31-8月 -10',31,'Elizab','女','123456',30);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('01-7月 -10',32,'Ashley','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('02-7月 -10',33,'Mia','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('11-8月 -10',34,'Alexis','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('12-8月 -10',35,'Sarah','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('13-8月 -10',36,'Natalie','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('14-8月 -10',37,'Grace','女','123456',40);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('15-8月 -10',38,'Chloe','女','123456',50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('16-8月 -10',39,'Alyssa','女','123456',50);
insert into student(birth,sno,sname,sex,passwd,dno) values('17-8月 -10',40,'Brianna','女','123456',50);
insert into course values('c001','数据结构',3,10,100);
insert into course values('c002','Java语言',2,20,100);
insert into course values('c003','数字电路',3,30,100);
insert into course values('c004','模拟电路',3,40,100);
insert into course values('c005','信号与系统',4,50,100);
insert into course values('c006','C语言',3,60,100);
insert into course values('c007','高等数学',5,70,100);
insert into course values('c008','自动原理',1,80,100);
insert into course values('c009','数理方程',3,90,100);
insert into course values('c010','大学语文',2,61,100);
insert into course values('c011','机械制图',3,52,100);
insert into course values('c012','微机原理',3,43,100);
insert into course values('c013','通信基础',3,74,100);
insert into course values('c014','计算机原理',5,35,100);
insert into course values('c015','数据库',3,86,100);
insert into course values('c016','编译原理',2,97,100);
insert into course values('c017','大学物理',2,38,100);
insert into course values('c018','统计基础',4,50,100);
insert into course values('c019','线性代数',4,70,100);
insert into course values('c020','Linux基础',3,60,100);
insert into sc values(6,'c002',60);
insert into sc values(6,'c015',60);
insert into sc values(6,'c010',61);
insert into sc values(27,'c010',65);
insert into sc values(6,'c001',60);
insert into sc values(6,'c011',61);
insert into sc values(6,'c018',70);
insert into sc values(8,'c007',65);
insert into sc values(27,'c020',65);
insert into sc values(27,'c015',65);
insert into sc values(26,'c015',55);
insert into sc values(25,'c015',59);
insert into sc values(1,'c017',65);
insert into sc values(2,'c017',66);
insert into sc values(3,'c017',67);
insert into sc values(4,'c017',68);
insert into sc values(5,'c017',69);
insert into sc values(6,'c017',70);
insert into sc values(7,'c017',71);
insert into sc values(8,'c017',72);
insert into sc values(9,'c017',73);
insert into sc values(10,'c017',74);
insert into sc values(11,'c017',75);
insert into sc values(12,'c017',76);
insert into sc values(13,'c017',77);
insert into sc values(14,'c017',78);
insert into sc values(15,'c017',79);
insert into sc values(16,'c017',80);
insert into sc values(17,'c017',81);
insert into sc values(18,'c017',82);
insert into sc values(19,'c017',83);
insert into sc values(20,'c017',84);
insert into sc values(21,'c017',85);
insert into sc values(22,'c017',86);
insert into sc values(23,'c017',87);
insert into sc values(24,'c017',88);
insert into sc values(25,'c017',89);
insert into sc values(26,'c017',90);
insert into sc values(27,'c017',89);
insert into sc values(28,'c017',88);
insert into sc values(29,'c017',87);
insert into sc values(30,'c017',86);
insert into sc values(31,'c017',85);
insert into sc values(32,'c017',84);
insert into sc values(33,'c017',83);
insert into sc values(34,'c017',82);
insert into sc values(35,'c017',81);
insert into sc values(36,'c017',80);
insert into sc values(37,'c017',79);
insert into sc values(38,'c017',78);
insert into sc values(39,'c017',77);
insert into sc values(40,'c017',76);
commit;
/*分析问题
1.得到有哪些系编号，系名。--select dno,dname from dep;
2.得到系中学生选修了“大学物理”这门课的成绩
--查询成绩 --查询课程表中课程名为‘？？’的编号
select grade from sc where cno=(select cno from course where cname=？？ )
and son in (select sno from student where dno=??)查询同一个系的所有学生
定义变量
每个分数段的人数
count1 number;
count2 number;
count3 number;
每个系选修‘大学物理’学生的平均成绩
avggrade number;
1.算数
2.select avg(grade) into avggrade from sc where cno=(select cno from course where cname=？？ )
and son in (select sno from student where dno=??)
*/
declare
--定义系的游标--
cursor cdept is select dno,dname from dep;
--定义两个变量接收游标查找的dno，dname
cdno dep.dno%type;
cdname dep.dname%type;
--定义成绩的游标--
cursor cgrade(coursename varchar2,depno number) is
select grade from sc where cno=(select cno from course where cname=coursename) and
sno in (select sno from student where dno=depno);
--定义变量接收grade成绩
pgrade sc.grade%type;
--每个分数段的人数
count1 number;
count2 number;
count3 number;
--每个系选修‘大学物理’学生的平均成绩
avggrade number;
--定义coursename 变量
pcoursename varchar2(40):='大学物理';
begin
open cdept;
loop
--取出游标的值赋给cdno和cdname；
fetch cdept into cdno,cdname;
exit when cdept%notfound;
--给count1.2.3初始化
count1:=0; count2:=0; count3:=0;
--给平均成绩初始化
select avg(grade) into avggrade from sc where cno=(select cno from course where cname=pcoursename)
and sno in (select sno from student where dno=cdno);
--取系中，选修大学物理的学生信息
open cgrade(pcoursename,cdno);
loop
--赋给pgrade
fetch cgrade into pgrade;
--退出条件
exit when cgrade%notfound;
--计数
if pgrade<60 then count1:=count1+1;
elsif pgrade>=60 and pgrade<85 then count2:=count2+1;
else count3:=count3+1;
end if;
end loop;
close cgrade;
--添加到表中
insert into msg1 values(pcoursename,cdname,count1,count2,count3,avggrade);
end loop;
close cdept;
commit;
end;