[toc]
MySQL用户管理，常用SQL语句，MySQL数据库备份与恢复
扩展 SQL语句教程 http://www.runoob.com/sql/sql-tutorial.html 什么是事务？事务的特性有哪些？ http://blog.csdn.net/yenange/article/details/7556094 根据binlog恢复指定时间段的数据 http://www.centoscn.com/mysql/2015/0204/4630.html mysql字符集调整 http://xjsunjie.blog.51cto.com/999372/1355013
使用xtrabackup备份innodb引擎的数据库 innobackupex 备份 Xtrabackup 增量备份 http://zhangguangzhi.top/2017/08/23/innobackex%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E5%A4%87%E4%BB%BDmysql%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE/#%E4%B8%89%E3%80%81%E5%BC%80%E5%A7%8B%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8Dmysql 相关视频
链接：http://pan.baidu.com/s/1miFpS9M 密码：86dx
一、MySQL用户管理
1.创建一个普通用户并授权
首先启动mysql，然后进入
[root@xavi ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
Starting MySQL... SUCCESS!
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.6.35 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
all表示所有的权限（如读、写、查询、删除等操作）；创建user用户并授予其所有权限*.（第一个表示所有数据库，第二个*表示所有表） 这里的user1特指localhost上的user1，用户和主机的IP之间有一个@符号 identified by ：设定密码，用单引号括起来。
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'user1'@'127.0.0.1' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
另外，命令中主机IP可以用%替代，表示所有主机
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'user2'@'%' identified by '123456a';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
1.1 退出，验证user1是否可以直接登入，因为默认是socket的登入模式，无法登入
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uuser1 -p123456
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user1'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
1.2 加上主机ip： mysql -uuser1 -p123456 -h127.0.0.1
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uuser1 -p123456 -h127.0.0.1
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.6.35 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
不加-h的方法把127.0.0.1换成localhost（针对的就是socket，localhost就是虚拟机IP地址192.168.72.130），mysql输入出错时，输入；后接着输quit退出
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'user1'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uuser1 -p123456
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.6.35 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
查看用户授权
mysql> show grants //查看当前用户授权
-> ;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for user1@localhost |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'user1'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看指定用户授权：show grants for user1@'127.0.0.1';
mysql> show grants for user1@'127.0.0.1';
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for [email protected] |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'user1'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*6BB4837EB74329105EE4568DDA7DC67ED2CA2AD9' |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
授权部分权限(如读、写、查询、插入等)
这一部分开始操作是一只报错
mysql> grant all on db2.* to 'user2'@'192.168.188.129' identified by '111222';
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'user1'@'localhost' to database 'db2'
mysql> grant all on db1.* to 'user3'@'%' identified by 'passwd';
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'user1'@'localhost' to database 'db1'
mysql> grant all on db1.* to 'user3'@'%' identified by 'passwd';
ERROR 1044 (42000): Access denied for user 'user1'@'localhost' to database 'db1'
mysql> revoke all on *.* from user1@localhost;
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'user1'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'user1'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ''123456'' at line 1
mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'user1'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ''123456'' at line 1
mysql> show grants for user1@'127.0.0.1';
错误的原因是自己一直是在user1的数据库可里操作，之前的步骤中进入了“mysql -uuser1 -p123456”这就是陷阱了
正确操作方法是，进入mysql的root用户下操作
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.6.35 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
授权部分权限(如读、写、查询、插入等)
mysql> grant SELECT,UPDATE,INSERT on db1.* to 'user2'@'192.168.133.1' identified by 'passwd';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
给不同IP做同一个用户的授权，同一密码
mysql> show grants for user2@'192.168.133.1';
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for [email protected] |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.1' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59C70DA2F3E3A5BDF46B68F5C8B8F25762BCCEF0' |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON `db1`.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.1' |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.2' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59C70DA2F3E3A5BDF46B68F5C8B8F25762BCCEF0';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON `db1`.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.2';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show grants for user2@'192.168.133.2';
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for [email protected] |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.2' IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*59C70DA2F3E3A5BDF46B68F5C8B8F25762BCCEF0' |
| GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE ON `db1`.* TO 'user2'@'192.168.133.2' |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
二、常用SQL语句
2.1 查询语句的两种形式
select count(*) from mysql.user; //查询mysql库中user表的行数
mysql> select count(*) from mysql.user;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 10 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
select * from mysql.db\G;//查询mysql库中db表的所有内容
mysql> select * from mysql.db\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Host: %
Db: test
User:
Select_priv: Y
Insert_priv: Y
Update_priv: Y
Delete_priv: Y
Create_priv: Y
Drop_priv: Y
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: Y
Index_priv: Y
2.2 select语句在数据库和表中对应的引擎不一样，其计算统计时间也不同，不建议多使用
例如mysql下的user的表，用的是MYISAM引擎，会自动统计行数，运行效率快
mysql> use mysql;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show create table user\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: user
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `user` (
`Host` char(60) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`User` char(16) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Password` char(41) CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Select_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
`Insert_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
`Update_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
`Delete_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N',
.
.
.
PRIMARY KEY (`Host`,`User`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin COMMENT='Users and global privileges'
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
对于db1下的t1表，其引擎是InnoDB，每次select时才开始统计行，运行效率低。（示例中的表格并未有数据，不能作为参考）
mysql> use db1;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
mysql> show create table t1;
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| t1 | CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` char(40) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.3 查询单个字段或者多个字段
mysql> select db from mysql.db;
+---------+
| db |
+---------+
| test |
| test\_% |
| db1 |
| db1 |
+---------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select db,user from mysql.db;
+---------+-------+
| db | user |
+---------+-------+
| test | |
| test\_% | |
| db1 | user2 |
| db1 | user2 |
+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.4 使用万能匹配符%，和like进行模糊匹配查询
mysql> select * from mysql.db where host like '192.168.%';
mysql> mysql> select * from mysql.db where host like '192.168.%'\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Host: 192.168.133.1
Db: db1
User: user2
Select_priv: Y
Insert_priv: Y
Update_priv: Y
Delete_priv: N
Create_priv: N
Drop_priv: N
Grant_priv: N
References_priv: N
Index_priv: N
Alter_priv: N
Create_tmp_table_priv: N
Lock_tables_priv: N
Create_view_priv: N
Show_view_priv: N
Create_routine_priv: N
Alter_routine_priv: N
Execute_priv: N
Event_priv: N
Trigger_priv: N
*************************** 2. row ***************************
Host: 192.168.133.2
Db: db1
User: user2
2.5 MySQL中插入行
mysql> desc db1.t1;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(4) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | char(40) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from db1.t1;
Empty set (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into db1.t1 values (1, 'abc');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from db1.t1;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | abc |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.6 更改表的某一行
mysql> update db1.t1 set name='aaa' where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from db1.t1;
+------+------+
| id | name |
+------+------+
| 1 | aaa |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2.7 清空某个表的数据，不删除表只清空表的数据
mysql> truncate table db1.t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> select * from db1.t1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
2.8 删除表drop
mysql> drop table db1.t1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select * from db1.t1;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'db1.t1' doesn't exist
2.9 删除数据库
mysql> drop database db1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from db1;
ERROR 1046 (3D000): No database selected
三、MySQL数据库备份恢复
备份和恢复MySQL数据库是非常重要的，要牢固掌握
3.1 用mysqldump命令备份，重定向到一个文本文档中.
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@xavi ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pxavilinux mysql > /tmp/mysqlbak.sql;
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
3.2 mysql数据恢复，反向重定向
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux -e "create database mysql2"
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux mysql2 < /tmp/mysqlbak.sql
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
3.3 进入该数据库，检查
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux mysql2
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 6
Server version: 5.6.35 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| mysql2 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
备份数据库下的表
mysql> quit
Bye
[root@xavi ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pxavilinux mysql user > /tmp/user.sql
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@xavi ~]# less /tmp/user.sql
- less查看
[root@xavi ~]# less /tmp/user.sql
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.6.35, for linux-glibc2.5 (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Usage: mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
-?, --help Display this help and exit.
-I, --help Synonym for -?
--auto-rehash Enable automatic rehashing. One doesn't need to use
'rehash' to get table and field completion, but startup
and reconnecting may take a longer time. Disable with
--disable-auto-rehash.
(Defaults to on; use --skip-auto-rehash to disable.)
-A, --no-auto-rehash
No automatic rehashing. One has to use 'rehash' to get
table and field completion. This gives a quicker start of
mysql and disables rehashing on reconnect.
3.4 恢复某个数据表
[root@xavi ~]# mysql -uroot -pxavilinux mysql2 < /tmp/user.sql
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
3.5 备份所有的库
[root@xavi ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pxavilinux mysql2 >/tmp/user.sql
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@xavi ~]# less /tmp/mysql_all.sql
3.6 只备份表结构
[root@xavi ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pxavilinux -d mysql2 > /tmp/mysql2.sql
Warning: Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@xavi ~]# less /tmp/mysql2.sql
[root@xavi ~]# less /tmp/mysql2.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13 Distrib 5.6.35, for linux-glibc2.5 (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost Database: mysql2
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version 5.6.35
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;
--
-- Table structure for table `columns_priv`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `columns_priv`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `columns_priv` (
`Host` char(60) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Db` char(64) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`User` char(16) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Table_name` char(64) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Column_name` char(64) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`Timestamp` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
`Column_priv` set('Select','Insert','Update','References') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`Host`,`Db`,`User`,`Table_name`,`Column_name`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin COMMENT='Column privileges';
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;
--
-- Table structure for table `db`
--
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `db`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `db` (