数据结构开发(14):KMP 子串查找算法

0.目录

1.KMP 子串查找算法

2.KMP 算法的应用

3.小结

1.KMP 子串查找算法

问题:
如何在目标字符串S中,查找是否存在子串P?

朴素解法:

朴素解法的一个优化线索

示例:

伟大的发现:

  • 匹配失败时的右移位数与子串本身相关,与目标串无关
  • 移动位数 = 已匹配的字符数 - 对应的部分匹配值
  • 任意子串都存在一个唯一的部分匹配表

部分匹配表示例:

问题:
部分匹配表是怎么得到的?

  • 前缀
    1. 除了最后一个字符以外,一个字符串的全部头部组合
  • 后缀
    1. 除了第一个字符以外,一个字符串的全部尾部组合
  • 部分匹配值
    1. 前缀和后缀最长共有元素的长度

示例:ABCDABD

问题:

  • 怎么编程产生部分匹配表?

实现关键:

  • PMT[1] = 0 ( 下标为0的元素匹配值为0 )
  • 从 2 个字符开始递推 ( 从下标为 1 的字符开始递推 )
  • 假设 PMT[n] = PMT[n-1] + 1 ( 最长共有元素的长度 )
  • 当假设不成立,PMT[n] 在 PMT[n-1] 的基础上减小

编程产生部分匹配表:
(ll代表longest length,即最长共有元素的长度。推导过程遵循下列原则:
(1). 当前欲求的ll值,通过历史ll值推导。
(2). 当可选ll值为0时,直接比对首尾元素。
在求ababax的最后一项ll值时,
前缀为aba b,
后缀为aba x。
重叠部分的长度就是当前的ll值,即:3;PMT(3)的含义是查找3个字符时的ll值,而3个字符时的ll值对应着下标为2的情形;编程实现时注意长度与下标的对应关系。)

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int* make_pmt(const char* p)
{
    int len = strlen(p);
    int* ret = static_cast<int*>(malloc(sizeof(int) * len));

    if( ret != NULL )
    {
        int ll = 0;

        ret[0] = 0;

        for(int i=1; i<len; i++)
        {
            while( (ll > 0) && (p[ll] != p[i]) )
            {
                ll = ret[ll-1];
            }

            if( p[ll] == p[i] )
            {
                ll++;
            }

            ret[i] = ll;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    int* pmt_1 = make_pmt("ababax");

    cout << "ababax:" << endl;
    for(int i=0; i<strlen("ababax"); i++)
    {
        cout << i << " : " << pmt_1[i] << endl;
    }
    cout << endl;

    int* pmt_2 = make_pmt("ABCDABD");

    cout << "ABCDABD:" << endl;
    for(int i=0; i<strlen("ABCDABD"); i++)
    {
        cout << i << " : " << pmt_2[i] << endl;
    }

    return 0;
}

运行结果为:

ababax:
0 : 0
1 : 0
2 : 1
3 : 2
4 : 3
5 : 0

ABCDABD:
0 : 0
1 : 0
2 : 0
3 : 0
4 : 1
5 : 2
6 : 0

部分匹配表的使用 ( KMP 算法 ):

实现KMP算法:

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

using namespace std;

int* make_pmt(const char* p)
{
    int len = strlen(p);
    int* ret = static_cast<int*>(malloc(sizeof(int) * len));

    if( (ret != NULL) && (len > 0) )
    {
        int ll = 0;

        ret[0] = 0;

        for(int i=1; i<len; i++)
        {
            while( (ll > 0) && (p[ll] != p[i]) )
            {
                ll = ret[ll-1];
            }

            if( p[ll] == p[i] )
            {
                ll++;
            }

            ret[i] = ll;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

int kmp(const char* s, const char* p)
{
    int ret = -1;
    int sl = strlen(s);
    int pl = strlen(p);
    int* pmt = make_pmt(p);

    if( (pmt != NULL) && (0 < pl) && (pl <= sl) )
    {
        for(int i=0, j=0; i<sl; i++)
        {
            while( (j > 0) && (s[i] != p[j]) )
            {
                j = pmt[j-1];
            }

            if( s[i] == p[j] )
            {
                j++;
            }

            if( j == pl )
            {
                ret = i + 1 - pl;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    free(pmt);

    return ret;
}

int main()
{
    cout << kmp("abcde", "cde") << endl;
    cout << kmp("ababax", "ba") << endl;
    cout << kmp("ababax", "ax") << endl;
    cout << kmp("ababax", "") << endl;
    cout << kmp("ababax", "ababaxy") << endl;

    return 0;
}

运行结果为:

2
1
4
-1
-1

2.KMP 算法的应用

思考:

  • 如何在目标字符串中查找是否存在指定的子串?

字符串类中的新功能:

将kmp算法的代码集成到自定义字符串类中去:

protected:
    static int* make_pmt(const char* p);
    static int kmp(const char* s, const char* p);

具体实现:

int* String::make_pmt(const char* p)
{
    int len = strlen(p);
    int* ret = static_cast<int*>(malloc(sizeof(int) * len));

    if( (ret != NULL) && (len > 0) )
    {
        int ll = 0;

        ret[0] = 0;

        for(int i=1; i<len; i++)
        {
            while( (ll > 0) && (p[ll] != p[i]) )
            {
                ll = ret[ll-1];
            }

            if( p[ll] == p[i] )
            {
                ll++;
            }

            ret[i] = ll;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

int String::kmp(const char* s, const char* p)
{
    int ret = -1;
    int sl = strlen(s);
    int pl = strlen(p);
    int* pmt = make_pmt(p);

    if( (pmt != NULL) && (0 < pl) && (pl <= sl) )
    {
        for(int i=0, j=0; i<sl; i++)
        {
            while( (j > 0) && (s[i] != p[j]) )
            {
                j = pmt[j-1];
            }

            if( s[i] == p[j] )
            {
                j++;
            }

            if( j == pl )
            {
                ret = i + 1 - pl;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    free(pmt);

    return ret;
}

子串查找 ( KMP 算法的直接运用 ):

  • int indexOf(const char* s) const
  • int indexOf(const String& s) const

子串查找:

public:
    int indexOf(const char* s) const;
    int indexOf(const String& s) const;

具体实现:

int String::indexOf(const char* s) const
{
    return kmp(m_str, s ? s : "");
}

int String::indexOf(const String& s) const
{
    return kmp(m_str, s.m_str);
}

在字符串中将指定的子串删除:

  • String& remove(const char* s)
  • String& remove(const String& s)

在字符串中将指定的子串删除:

public:
    String& remove(int i, int len);
    String& remove(const char* s);
    String& remove(const String& s);

具体实现:

String& String::remove(int i, int len)
{
    if( (0 <= i) && (i < m_length) )
    {
        int n = i;
        int m = i + len;

        while( (n < m) && (m < m_length) )
        {
            m_str[n++] = m_str[m++];
        }

        m_str[n] = '\0';
        m_length = n;
    }

    return *this;
}
String& String::remove(const char* s)
{
    return remove(indexOf(s), s ? strlen(s) : 0);
}

String& String::remove(const String& s)
{
    return remove(indexOf(s), s.length());
}

字符串的减法操作定义 ( operator - ):

  • 使用 remove 实现字符串间的减法操作
    1. 字符串自身不被修改
    2. 返回产生的新串

字符串的减法操作定义:

public:
    String operator - (const String& s) const;
    String operator - (const char* s) const;
    String& operator -= (const String& s);
    String& operator -= (const char* s);

具体实现:

String String::operator - (const String& s) const
{
    return String(*this).remove(s);
}

String String::operator - (const char* s) const
{
    return String(*this).remove(s);
}

String& String::operator -= (const String& s)
{
    return remove(s);
}

String& String::operator -= (const char* s)
{
    return remove(s);
}

字符串中的子串替换:

  • String& replace(const char* t, const char* s)
  • String& replace(const String& t, const char* s)
  • String& replace(const char* t, const String& s)
  • String& replace(const String& t, const String& s)

字符串中的子串替换:

public:
    String& replace(const char* t, const char* s);
    String& replace(const String& t, const char* s);
    String& replace(const char* t, const String& s);
    String& replace(const String& t, const String& s);

具体实现:

String& String::replace(const char* t, const char* s)
{
    int index = indexOf(t);

    if( index >= 0 )
    {
        remove(t);
        insert(index, s);
    }

    return *this;
}

String& String::replace(const String& t, const char* s)
{
    return replace(t.m_str, s);
}

String& String::replace(const char* t, const String& s)
{
    return replace(t, s.m_str);
}

String& String::replace(const String& t, const String& s)
{
    return replace(t.m_str, s.m_str);
}

从字符串中创建子串:

  • String sub(int i, int len) const
    1. 以 i 为起点提取长度为 len 的子串
    2. 子串提取不会改变字符串本身的状态

从字符串中创建子串:

public:
    String sub(int i, int len) const;

具体实现:

String String::sub(int i, int len) const
{
    String ret;

    if( (0 <= i) && (i < m_length) )
    {
        if( len < 0 ) len = 0;
        if( len + i > m_length ) len = m_length - i;
        char* str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(len + 1));

        strncpy(str, m_str + i, len);

        str[len] = '\0';

        ret = str;
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Parameter i is invalid ...");
    }

    return ret;
}

3.小结

  • 部分匹配表是提高子串查找效率的关键
  • 部分匹配值定义为前缀后缀最长共有元素的长度
  • 可以用递推的方法产生部分匹配表
  • KMP 利用部分匹配值子串移动位数的关系提高查找效率
  • 字符串类是工程开发中必不可少的组件
  • 字符串中应该包含常用字符串操作函数
    1. 增 : insert , operator + , ...
    2. 删 : remove , operator - , ...
    3. 查 : indexOf , ...
    4. 改 : replace , ...

最终的自定义字符串类代码:
StString.h

#ifndef STSTRING_H
#define STSTRING_H

#include "Object.h"

namespace StLib
{

class String : public Object
{
protected:
    char* m_str;
    int m_length;

    void init(const char* s);
    bool equal(const char* l, const char* r, int len) const;

    static int* make_pmt(const char* p);
    static int kmp(const char* s, const char* p);
public:
    String();
    String(char c);
    String(const char* s);
    String(const String& s);

    int length() const;
    const char* str() const;
    bool startWith(const char* s) const;
    bool startWith(const String& s) const;
    bool endOf(const char* s) const;
    bool endOf(const String& s) const;
    String& insert(int i, const char* s);
    String& insert(int i, const String& s);
    String& trim();
    int indexOf(const char* s) const;
    int indexOf(const String& s) const;
    String& remove(int i, int len);
    String& remove(const char* s);
    String& remove(const String& s);
    String& replace(const char* t, const char* s);
    String& replace(const String& t, const char* s);
    String& replace(const char* t, const String& s);
    String& replace(const String& t, const String& s);
    String sub(int i, int len) const;

    char& operator [] (int i);
    char operator [] (int i) const;
    bool operator == (const String& s) const;
    bool operator == (const char* s) const;
    bool operator != (const String& s) const;
    bool operator != (const char* s) const;
    bool operator > (const String& s) const;
    bool operator > (const char* s) const;
    bool operator < (const String& s) const;
    bool operator < (const char* s) const;
    bool operator >= (const String& s) const;
    bool operator >= (const char* s) const;
    bool operator <= (const String& s) const;
    bool operator <= (const char* s) const;

    String operator + (const String& s) const;
    String operator + (const char* s) const;
    String& operator += (const String& s);
    String& operator += (const char* s);

    String operator - (const String& s) const;
    String operator - (const char* s) const;
    String& operator -= (const String& s);
    String& operator -= (const char* s);

    String& operator = (const String& s);
    String& operator = (const char* s);
    String& operator = (char c);

    ~String();
};

}

#endif // STSTRING_H

StString.cpp

#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include "StString.h"
#include "Exception.h"

using namespace std;

namespace StLib
{

int* String::make_pmt(const char* p)
{
    int len = strlen(p);
    int* ret = static_cast<int*>(malloc(sizeof(int) * len));

    if( (ret != NULL) && (len > 0) )
    {
        int ll = 0;

        ret[0] = 0;

        for(int i=1; i<len; i++)
        {
            while( (ll > 0) && (p[ll] != p[i]) )
            {
                ll = ret[ll-1];
            }

            if( p[ll] == p[i] )
            {
                ll++;
            }

            ret[i] = ll;
        }
    }

    return ret;
}

int String::kmp(const char* s, const char* p)
{
    int ret = -1;
    int sl = strlen(s);
    int pl = strlen(p);
    int* pmt = make_pmt(p);

    if( (pmt != NULL) && (0 < pl) && (pl <= sl) )
    {
        for(int i=0, j=0; i<sl; i++)
        {
            while( (j > 0) && (s[i] != p[j]) )
            {
                j = pmt[j-1];
            }

            if( s[i] == p[j] )
            {
                j++;
            }

            if( j == pl )
            {
                ret = i + 1 - pl;
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    free(pmt);

    return ret;
}

void String::init(const char *s)
{
    m_str = strdup(s);

    if( m_str )
    {
        m_length = strlen(m_str);
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to create String object ...");
    }
}

String::String()
{
    init("");
}

String::String(char c)
{
    char s[] = {c, '\0'};

    init(s);
}

String::String(const char *s)
{
    init(s ? s : "");
}

String::String(const String &s)
{
    init(s.m_str);
}

int String::length() const
{
    return m_length;
}

const char* String::str() const
{
    return m_str;
}

bool String::equal(const char* l, const char* r, int len) const
{
    bool ret = true;

    for(int i=0; i<len && ret; i++)
    {
        ret = ret && (l[i] == r[i]);
    }

    return ret;
}

bool String::startWith(const char* s) const
{
    bool ret = (s != NULL);

    if( ret )
    {
        int len = strlen(s);

        ret = (len < m_length) && equal(m_str, s, len);
    }

    return ret;
}

bool String::startWith(const String& s) const
{
    return startWith(s.m_str);
}

bool String::endOf(const char* s) const
{
    bool ret = (s != NULL);

    if( ret )
    {
        int len = strlen(s);
        char* str = m_str + (m_length - len);

        ret = (len < m_length) && equal(str, s, len);
    }

    return ret;
}

bool String::endOf(const String& s) const
{
    return endOf(s.m_str);
}

String& String::insert(int i, const char* s)
{
    if( (0 <= i) && (i <= m_length) )
    {
        if( (s != NULL) && (s[0] != '\0') )
        {
            int len = strlen(s);
            char* str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(m_length + len + 1));

            if( str != NULL )
            {
                strncpy(str, m_str, i);
                strncpy(str + i, s, len);
                strncpy(str + i + len, m_str + i, m_length - i);

                str[m_length + len] = '\0';

                free(m_str);

                m_str = str;
                m_length = m_length + len;
            }
            else
            {
                THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to insert string value ...");
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Parameter i is invalid ...");
    }

    return *this;
}

String& String::insert(int i, const String& s)
{
    return insert(i, s.m_str);
}

String& String::trim()
{
    int b = 0;
    int e = m_length - 1;

    while( m_str[b] == ' ' ) b++;
    while( m_str[e] == ' ' ) e--;

    if( b == 0 )
    {
        m_str[e + 1] = '\0';

        m_length = e + 1;
    }
    else
    {
        for(int i=0, j=b; j<=e; i++, j++)
        {
            m_str[i] = m_str[j];
        }

        m_str[e - b + 1] = '\0';

        m_length = e - b + 1;
    }

    return *this;
}

int String::indexOf(const char* s) const
{
    return kmp(m_str, s ? s : "");
}

int String::indexOf(const String& s) const
{
    return kmp(m_str, s.m_str);
}

String& String::remove(int i, int len)
{
    if( (0 <= i) && (i < m_length) )
    {
        int n = i;
        int m = i + len;

        while( (n < m) && (m < m_length) )
        {
            m_str[n++] = m_str[m++];
        }

        m_str[n] = '\0';
        m_length = n;
    }

    return *this;
}

String& String::remove(const char* s)
{
    return remove(indexOf(s), s ? strlen(s) : 0);
}

String& String::remove(const String& s)
{
    return remove(indexOf(s), s.length());
}

String& String::replace(const char* t, const char* s)
{
    int index = indexOf(t);

    if( index >= 0 )
    {
        remove(t);
        insert(index, s);
    }

    return *this;
}

String& String::replace(const String& t, const char* s)
{
    return replace(t.m_str, s);
}

String& String::replace(const char* t, const String& s)
{
    return replace(t, s.m_str);
}

String& String::replace(const String& t, const String& s)
{
    return replace(t.m_str, s.m_str);
}

String String::sub(int i, int len) const
{
    String ret;

    if( (0 <= i) && (i < m_length) )
    {
        if( len < 0 ) len = 0;
        if( len + i > m_length ) len = m_length - i;
        char* str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(len + 1));

        strncpy(str, m_str + i, len);

        str[len] = '\0';

        ret = str;
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Parameter i is invalid ...");
    }

    return ret;
}

char& String::operator [] (int i)
{
    if( (0 <= i) && (i < m_length) )
    {
        return m_str[i];
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(IndexOutOfBoundsException, "Parameter i is invalid ...");
    }
}

char String::operator [] (int i) const
{
    return (const_cast<String&>(*this))[i];
}

bool String::operator == (const String& s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s.m_str) == 0);
}

bool String::operator == (const char* s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s ? s : "") == 0);
}

bool String::operator != (const String& s) const
{
    return !(*this == s);
}

bool String::operator != (const char* s) const
{
    return !(*this == s);
}

bool String::operator > (const String& s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s.m_str) > 0);
}

bool String::operator > (const char* s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s ? s : "") > 0);
}

bool String::operator < (const String& s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s.m_str) < 0);
}

bool String::operator < (const char* s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s ? s : "") < 0);
}

bool String::operator >= (const String& s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s.m_str) >= 0);
}

bool String::operator >= (const char* s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s ? s : "") >= 0);
}

bool String::operator <= (const String& s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s.m_str) <= 0);
}

bool String::operator <= (const char* s) const
{
    return (strcmp(m_str, s ? s : "") <= 0);
}

String String::operator + (const String& s) const
{
    return (*this + s.m_str);
}

String String::operator + (const char* s) const
{
    String ret;
    int len = m_length + strlen(s ? s : "");
    char* str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(len + 1));

    if( str )
    {
        strcpy(str, m_str);
        strcat(str, s ? s : "");

        free(ret.m_str);

        ret.m_str = str;
        ret.m_length = len;
    }
    else
    {
        THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to add String values ...");
    }

    return ret;
}

String& String::operator += (const String& s)
{
    return (*this = *this + s.m_str);
}

String& String::operator += (const char* s)
{
    return (*this = *this + s);
}

String String::operator - (const String& s) const
{
    return String(*this).remove(s);
}

String String::operator - (const char* s) const
{
    return String(*this).remove(s);
}

String& String::operator -= (const String& s)
{
    return remove(s);
}

String& String::operator -= (const char* s)
{
    return remove(s);
}

String& String::operator = (const String& s)
{
    return (*this = s.m_str);
}

String& String::operator = (const char* s)
{
    if( m_str != s )
    {
        char* str = strdup(s ? s : "");

        if( str )
        {
            free(m_str);

            m_str = str;
            m_length = strlen(m_str);
        }
        else
        {
            THROW_EXCEPTION(NoEnoughMemoryException, "No memory to assign new String value ...");
        }
    }

    return *this;
}

String& String::operator = (char c)
{
    char s[] = {c, '\0'};

    return (*this = s);
}

String::~String()
{
    free(m_str);
}

}

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/PyLearn/p/10145107.html