node.js的学习--简单例子

其他 2019-03-24 08:51:09 阅读次数: 0

1，服务端JavaScript

JavaScript是一门“完整”的语言： 它可以使用在不同的上下文中，其能力与其他同类语言相比有过之而无不及。
Node.js事实上就是另外一种上下文，它允许在后端（脱离浏览器环境）运行JavaScript代码。
Node.js事实上既是一个运行时环境，同时又是一个库。

2，Hello World

创建server.js

var http = require("http");

http.createServer(function(request, response) {
  response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
  response.write("Hello World");
  response.end();
}).listen(8888);

在cmd中运行node server.js
打开浏览器访问http://localhost:8888/
分析：

  • 第一行请求（require）Node.js自带的 http 模块，并且把它赋值给 http 变量
  • 调用http模块提供的函数： createServer。这个函数会返回一个对象，这个对象有一个 listen 的方法，这个方法有一个数值参数，指定这个HTTP服务器监听的端口号。
  • 在JavaScript中，函数和其他变量一样都是可以被传递的。
  • Node.js是事件驱动的
  • 我们给某个方法传递了一个函数，这个方法在有相应事件发生时调用这个函数来进行 回调

3，服务启动和请求执行流程分析

var http = require("http");

function onRequest(request, response) {
  console.log("Request received.");
  response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
  response.write("Hello World");
  response.end();
}
http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888)
console.log("Server has started.");

运行node server.js时，会马上在命令行上输出“Server has started.”。当我们向服务器发出请求（在浏览器访问http://localhost:8888/ ），“Request received.”这条消息就会在命令行中出现
这就是事件驱动的异步服务器端JavaScript和它的回调

当我们在服务器访问网页时，我们的服务器可能会输出两次“Request received.”。那是因为大部分浏览器都会在你访问 http://localhost:8888/ 时尝试读取 http://localhost:8888/favicon.ico

4，创建自己的模块
server.js

var http = require("http");

function start() {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    console.log("Request received.");
    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    response.write("Hello World");
    response.end();
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}
exports.start = start;

创建 index.js

var server = require("./server");

server.start();

运行node index.js时
把我们的应用的不同部分放入不同的文件里，并且通过生成模块的方式把它们连接到一起了

5，如何来进行请求的“路由”
为路由提供请求的URL和其他需要的GET及POST参数，随后路由需要根据这些数据来执行相应的代码
server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

route(pathname);

response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
response.write("Hello World");
response.end();
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

router.js

function route(pathname) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
}

exports.route = route;

把路由和服务器整合起来
index.js

var server = require("./server");
var router = require("./router");

server.start(router.route);

启动应用node index.js，随后请求一个URL，你将会看到应用输出相应的信息，这表明我们的HTTP服务器已经在使用路由模块了，并会将请求的路径传递给路由

6，函数式编程
将函数作为参数传递并不仅仅出于技术上的考量
Steve Yegge的大作名词王国中的死刑

7，路由给真正的请求处理程序
创建一个叫做requestHandlers的模块，并对于每一个请求处理程序，添加一个占位用函数，随后将这些函数作为模块的方法导出
requestHandlers.js

function start() {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
}

function upload() {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;

将一系列请求处理程序通过一个对象来传递，并且需要使用松耦合的方式将这个对象注入到route()函数中
主文件index.js

var server = require("./server");
var router = require("./router");
var requestHandlers = require("./requestHandlers");

var handle = {}
handle["/"] = requestHandlers.start;
handle["/start"] = requestHandlers.start;
handle["/upload"] = requestHandlers.upload;

server.start(router.route, handle);

server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route, handle) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

    route(handle, pathname);

    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    response.write("Hello World");
    response.end();
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

route.js

function route(handle, pathname) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
  if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
    handle[pathname]();
  } else {
    console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
  }
}

exports.route = route;

启动应用程序并在浏览器中访问http://localhost:8888/start

8，让请求处理程序作出响应
requestHandler.js

function start() {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");
  return "Hello Start";
}

function upload() {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
  return "Hello Upload";
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;

router.js

function route(handle, pathname) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
  if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
    return handle[pathname]();
  } else {
    console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
    return "404 Not found";
  }
}

exports.route = route;

server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route, handle) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    var content = route(handle, pathname)
    response.write(content);
    response.end();
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

http://localhost:8888/start,浏览器会输出“Hello Start”，
http://localhost:8888/upload会输出“Hello Upload”,

9，阻塞与非阻塞
requestHandlers.js

function start() {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");

  function sleep(milliSeconds) {
    var startTime = new Date().getTime();
    while (new Date().getTime() < startTime + milliSeconds);
  }

  sleep(10000);
  return "Hello Start";
}

function upload() {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
  return "Hello Upload";
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;

在第一个浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入http://localhost:8888/start， 但是先不要打开它
在第二个浏览器窗口的地址栏中输入http://localhost:8888/upload， 同样的，先不要打开它！
在第一个窗口中（“/start”）按下回车，然后快速切换到第二个窗口中（“/upload”）按下回车。
start URL加载花了10秒，这和我们预期的一样，/upload URL居然也花了10秒，而它在对应的请求处理程序中并没有类似于sleep()这样的操作！
start()包含了阻塞操作。形象的说就是“它阻塞了所有其他的处理工作”。

Node.js是单线程的。它通过事件轮询（event loop）来实现并行操作，尽可能的避免阻塞操作，取而代之，多使用非阻塞操作。

要用非阻塞操作，我们需要使用回调，通过将函数作为参数传递给其他需要花时间做处理的函数。

10，以非阻塞操作进行请求响应
server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route, handle) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

    route(handle, pathname, response);
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

router.js

function route(handle, pathname, response) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
  if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
    handle[pathname](response);
  } else {
    console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
    response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    response.write("404 Not found");
    response.end();
  }
}

exports.route = route;

requestHandler.js

var exec = require("child_process").exec;

function start(response) {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");

  exec("ls -lah", function (error, stdout, stderr) {
    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    response.write(stdout);
    response.end();
  });
}

function upload(response) {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
  response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
  response.write("Hello Upload");
  response.end();
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;

11，处理POST请求

requestHandlers.js

   function start(response, postData) {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");

  var body = '<html>'+
    '<head>'+
    '<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; '+
    'charset=UTF-8" />'+
    '</head>'+
    '<body>'+
    '<form action="/upload" method="post">'+
    '<textarea name="text" rows="20" cols="60"></textarea>'+
    '<input type="submit" value="Submit text" />'+
    '</form>'+
    '</body>'+
    '</html>';

    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
    response.write(body);
    response.end();
}

function upload(response, postData) {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");
  response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
  response.write("You've sent: " + postData);
  response.end();
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;

server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route, handle) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var postData = "";
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

    request.setEncoding("utf8");

    request.addListener("data", function(postDataChunk) {
      postData += postDataChunk;
      console.log("Received POST data chunk '"+
      postDataChunk + "'.");
    });

    request.addListener("end", function() {
      route(handle, pathname, response, postData);
    });

  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

router.js

function route(handle, pathname, response, postData) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
  if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
    handle[pathname](response, postData);
  } else {
    console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
    response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
    response.write("404 Not found");
    response.end();
  }
}

exports.route = route;

12，处理文件上传
npm install formidable

server.js

var http = require("http");
var url = require("url");

function start(route, handle) {
  function onRequest(request, response) {
    var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;
    console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");
    route(handle, pathname, response, request);
  }

  http.createServer(onRequest).listen(8888);
  console.log("Server has started.");
}

exports.start = start;

router.js

function route(handle, pathname, response, request) {
  console.log("About to route a request for " + pathname);
  if (typeof handle[pathname] === 'function') {
    handle[pathname](response, request);
  } else {
    console.log("No request handler found for " + pathname);
    response.writeHead(404, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
    response.write("404 Not found");
    response.end();
  }
}

exports.route = route;

requestHandlers.js

var querystring = require("querystring"),
    fs = require("fs"),
    formidable = require("formidable");

function start(response) {
  console.log("Request handler 'start' was called.");

  var body = '<html>'+
    '<head>'+
    '<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; '+
    'charset=UTF-8" />'+
    '</head>'+
    '<body>'+
    '<form action="/upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" '+
    'method="post">'+
    '<input type="file" name="upload" multiple="multiple">'+
    '<input type="submit" value="Upload file" />'+
    '</form>'+
    '</body>'+
    '</html>';

    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
    response.write(body);
    response.end();
}

function upload(response, request) {
  console.log("Request handler 'upload' was called.");

  var form = new formidable.IncomingForm();
  console.log("about to parse");
  form.parse(request, function(error, fields, files) {
    console.log("parsing done");
    fs.renameSync(files.upload.path, "/tmp/test.png");
    response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "text/html"});
    response.write("received image:<br/>");
    response.write("<img src='/show' />");
    response.end();
  });
}

function show(response) {
  console.log("Request handler 'show' was called.");
  fs.readFile("/tmp/test.png", "binary", function(error, file) {
    if(error) {
      response.writeHead(500, {"Content-Type": "text/plain"});
      response.write(error + "\n");
      response.end();
    } else {
      response.writeHead(200, {"Content-Type": "image/png"});
      response.write(file, "binary");
      response.end();
    }
  });
}

exports.start = start;
exports.upload = upload;
exports.show = show;

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