Python数据类型(字典和集合)

1.5 Dictionary(字典)

Python中,字典用放在花括号{}中一系列键-值对表示。键和值之间用冒号分隔,键-值对之间用逗号分隔。
在字典中,你想存储多少个键-值对都可以。每个键都与一个值相关联,你可以使用键来访问与之相关联的值。与键相关联的值可以是数字、字符串、列表乃至字典。事实上,可将任何Python对象用作字典中的值。

>>> alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'point': 5}
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'point': 5}
>>> alien_0['x_position'] = 0
>>> alien_0['y_position'] = 25
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'point': 5, 'x_position': 0, 'y_position': 25}

注意,键-值对的排列顺序与添加顺序不同。
Python不关心键-值对的添加顺序,而只关心键和值之间的关联关系。

>>> alien_0 = {} # 创建空字典
>>> alien_0['color'] = 'green'
>>> alien_0['point'] = 5
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'point': 5}

1.5.1 访问字典中的值

>>> alien_0 = {'color': 'green'}
>>> print(alien_0['color'])
green

1.5.2 修改字典中的值

>>> alien_0 = {'color': 'green'}
>>> alien_0['color']
'green'
>>> alien_0['color'] = 'yellow'
>>> alien_0['color']
'yellow'

1.5.3 删除键-值对

>>> alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
>>> del alien_0['points']
>>> print(alien_0)
{'color': 'green'}

1.5.4 遍历字典

user_0 = {
    'username': 'efermi',
    'first': 'enrico',
    'last': 'fermi',
}

for key, value in user_0.items():
    print("\nKey: " + key)
    print("Value: " + value)

# 
# Key: username
# Value: efermi
# 
# Key: first
# Value: enrico
# 
# Key: last
# Value: fermi
# 
# 遍历字典中的所有键
favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'python',
}

for name in favorite_languages.keys():
    print(name.title())

# Jen
# Sarah
# Edward
# Phil
# 遍历字典中的所有值
favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'python',
}

for language in favorite_languages.values():
    print(language.title())

# Python
# C
# Ruby
# Python
favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'python',
}
# 通过方法set()来剔除重复项
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()):
    print(language.title())

# C
# Ruby
# Python
favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'python',
}

# 使用in或者not in来判断key是否存在
if 'erin' not in favorite_languages.keys():
    print("Erin, please take our poll!")

# Erin, please take our poll!
# 按顺序遍历字典中的所有键
favorite_languages = {
    'jen': 'python',
    'sarah': 'c',
    'edward': 'ruby',
    'phil': 'python',
}

for name in sorted(favorite_languages.keys()):
    print(name.title())

# Edward
# Jen
# Phil
# Sarah

1.5.5 嵌套

你可以在列表中嵌套字典、在字典中嵌套列表甚至在字典中嵌套字典。

# 在列表中嵌套字典
alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
alien_1 = {'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
alien_2 = {'color': 'red', 'points': 15}

aliens = [alien_0, alien_1, alien_2]

for alien in aliens:
    print(alien)

# {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
# {'color': 'yellow', 'points': 10}
# {'color': 'red', 'points': 15}
# 在字典中嵌套列表
pizza = {
    'crust': 'thick',
    'toppings': ['mushrooms', 'extra cheese'],
}

print("You ordered a " + pizza['crust'] + "-crust pizza " +
      "with the following toppings:")

for topping in pizza['toppings']:
    print("\t" + topping)

# You ordered a thick-crust pizza with the following toppings:
#   mushrooms
#   extra cheese
# 在字典中嵌套字典
users = {
    'aeinstein': {
        'first': 'albert',
        'last': 'einstein',
        'location': 'princeton',
    },
    'mcurie': {
        'first': 'marie',
        'last': 'curie',
        'location': 'paris',
    },
}

for username, user_info in users.items():
    print("\nUsername: " + username)
    full_name = user_info['first'] + " " + user_info['last']
    location = user_info['location']

    print("\tFull name: " + full_name.title())
    print("\tLocation: " + location.title())

# Username: aeinstein
#     Full name: Albert Einstein
#     Location: Princeton
#
# Username: mcurie
#     Full name: Marie Curie
#     Location: Paris

1.6 Set(集合)

集合是一个无序的不重复元素序列。
可以使用大括号{}或者set()函数创建集合。
注意:创建一个空集合必须用set()而不是{},因为{}是用来创建一个空字典。

>>> basket = {'apple', 'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'orange', 'banana'}
>>> print(basket)
{'orange', 'apple', 'pear', 'banana'}
>>> 'orange' in basket
True
>>> 'crabgrass' in basket
False

两个集合之间的运算

>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a
{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'r'}
>>> b
{'l', 'z', 'm', 'a', 'c'}
>>> a - b
{'b', 'd', 'r'}
>>> a | b
{'l', 'z', 'a', 'm', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'r'}
>>> a & b
{'a', 'c'}
>>> a ^ b
{'b', 'l', 'z', 'd', 'm', 'r'}

1.6.1 添加元素

>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> print(thisset)
{'Runoob', 'Google', 'Taobao'}
>>> thisset.add("Facebook")
>>> print(thisset)
{'Runoob', 'Facebook', 'Google', 'Taobao'}

使用update()方法也可以添加元素,而且参数可以是列表、元组、字典等。

>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> thisset.update({1,3})
>>> print(thisset)
{'Runoob', 1, 3, 'Taobao', 'Google'}
>>> thisset.update([1,4],[5,6])
>>> print(thisset)
{'Runoob', 1, 3, 4, 'Taobao', 'Google', 5, 6}

1.6.2 移除元素

>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> thisset.remove("Taobao")
>>> print(thisset)
{'Google', 'Runoob'}
>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> thisset.discard("Facebook")  # 不存在不会发生错误
>>> print(thisset)
{'Runoob', 'Google', 'Taobao'}
>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao", "Facebook"))
>>> x = thisset.pop() # 随机删除集合中的一个元素
>>> print(x)
Google

1.6.3 清空集合

>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> thisset.clear()
>>> print(thisset)
set()

1.6.4 计算集合元素个数

>>> thisset = set(("Google", "Runoob", "Taobao"))
>>> len(thisset)
3

参考资料:

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转载自www.cnblogs.com/gzhjj/p/10658951.html