Nginx安装和使用指南

源代码：https://gitee.com/jiaodacailei/nginx-demo.git

1.安装

1.检查并安装所需的依赖软件

1).gcc:nginx编译依赖gcc环境

安装命令：yum install gcc-c++

2).pcre:(Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)是一个Perl库，包括 perl 兼容的正则表达式库。nginx的http模块使用pcre来解析正则表达式.

安装命令：yum install -y pcre pcre-devel

3).zlib：该库提供了很多种压缩和解压缩的方式，nginx使用zlib对http包的内容进行gzip。

安装命令：yum install -y zlib zlib-devel

4).openssl:一个强大的安全套接字层密码库，囊括主要的密码算法、常用的密钥和证书封装管理功能及SSL协议，并提供丰富的应用程序供测试或其它目的使用。nginx不仅支持http协议，还支持https（即在ssl协议上传输http）.

安装命令：yum install -y openssl openssl-devel

2.下载nginx源码包

下载命令：wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.15.8.tar.gz

3.解压缩源码包并进入

1).解压缩：tar -zxvf nginx-1.15.8.tar.gz

2).进入解压缩后文件夹：cd nginx-1.15.8

4.配置编译参数命令:(可以使用./configure --help查询详细参数)

mkdir -p /var/temp/nginx
mkdir -p /var/run/nginx

./configure
–prefix=/usr/local/nginx
–pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid
–lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock
–error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log
–http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log
–with-http_gzip_static_module
–http-client-body-temp-path=/var/temp/nginx/client
–http-proxy-temp-path=/var/temp/nginx/proxy
–http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/temp/nginx/fastcgi
–http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/temp/nginx/uwsgi
–http-scgi-temp-path=/var/temp/nginx/scgi
注：安装之前需要手动创建上面指定的nginx文件夹，即/var/temp、/var/temp/nginx、/var/run/nginx/文件夹，否则启动时报错

5.编译并安装

命令：make && make install

可以进入/usr/local/nginx查看文件是否存在conf、sbin、html文件夹，若存在则安装成功

2.使用

2.1.启动

执行命令启动nginx：
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx

2.2.查看nginx进程并停止：

2.3.静态资源访问控制

修改 /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf文件：

红框中的配置表示：
对于该网站80端口的所有请求，都会映射到nginx安装目录下的html目录（/usr/local/nginx/html）

2.4.Location配置说明

location [=|_||^~] uri {…}
功能：允许根据用户请求的URI来匹配定义的个location，匹配到时，此请求将被相应的location配置块中的配置所处理
=：表示精确匹配检查
~：正则表达式模式匹配检查，区分字符大小写
~：正则表达式模式匹配检查，不区分字符大小写
^~：URI的前半部分匹配，不支持正则表达式
!~：开头表示区分大小写的不匹配的正则
!~*：开头表示不区分大小写的不匹配的正则
/：通用匹配，任何请求都会被匹配到

3.采用动静分离发布一个springboot项目

https://gitee.com/jiaodacailei/nginx-demo.git

3.1.完成反向代理配置

实现简单的反向代理
修改nginx配置文件：/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

红框中的配置，表示将对nginx主机80端口的所有请求，反向代理到http://localhost:8080/

需要将nginxapp在本机8080端口启动

Nginx配置文件：

user  root;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

	location / {
	    proxy_pass http://localhost:8080/;
	}

	location ~ .*\.(html|js|css|png|jpeg|jpg|icon) {
	    root /root/hz1808/nginxappstatic;
	    index index.html;
	}

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

配置完成后，需要重新加载nginx或者重启
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
注意：

3.2.上传资源

将项目的静态资源拷贝到linux的/root/hz1808/nginxappstatic目录下

将项目jar文件，上传至linux服务器并启动

运行命令：
java -jar /root/nginxapp/nginx-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

3.3.测试

3.4.总结

将一个springboot应用发布到linux，并采用nginx实现动静分离的步骤：
打包应用为jar文件
将项目中的静态资源上传至linux，例如将/nginx/src/main/resources/static的内容，上传至linux的/root/hz1808/nginxappstatic目录；
将jar文件上传至linux，并以非阻塞方式启动springboot应用；
配置nginx，并重新加载nginx配置

4.核心概念

4.1.代理

所有请求都需要经过代理，由代理转发所有请求给提供服务的系统

4.2.正向代理

用户的目标是请求目标服务器，但是自己无法达到，所以通过代理来达到。

4.3.反向代理

用户的目标就是代理，用户并不知道后面提供服务的目标服务器

5.动静分离

静态资源直接映射本地文件（或者访问另一台静态资源的nginx），动态资源采用反向代理映射到相应的服务器上

6.负载均衡(Load Balance)

6.1.物理架构

对192.168.23.144:80服务器(nginx)的同一url的请求，根据不同的策略，分发到192.168.23.144:8080或者192.168.23.144:8081服务器(tomcat)处理

6.2.代码修改

/nginx/src/main/java/com/qfedu/demo/springboot/nginx/MainController.java

6.3.发布应用

用8080端口发布应用

用8081发布应用，具体参照8080
将jar上传至linux

分别启动cmd命令行窗口连接linux服务器，以阻塞方式运行这两个程序
java -jar /root/nginxapp/nginx-8080-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar
java -jar /root/nginxapp/nginx-8081-0.0.1-SNAPSHOT.jar

6.4.Nginx配置不同负载均衡策略

6.4.1.默认策略

配置：

user  root;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    #配置负载均衡
    upstream nginx_lb {
        server localhost:8080;
        server localhost:8081;
    }

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

	location / {
	    proxy_pass http://nginx_lb/;
	}

	location ~ .*\.(html|js|css|png|jpeg|jpg|icon) {
	    root /root/hz1808/nginxappstatic;
	    index index.html;
	}

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

测试：
现在访问如下url 30次：
http://192.168.23.144/lb
结果：

192.168.23.144:8080提供服务的次数：30 / 2
192.168.23.144:8081提供服务的次数：30 / 2

6.4.2.权重策略

在默认策略基础上配置红色部分即可：

user  root;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    #配置负载均衡
    upstream nginx_lb {
        server localhost:8080 weight=10;
        server localhost:8081 weight=5;
    }

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

	location / {
	    proxy_pass http://nginx_lb/;
	}

	location ~ .*\.(html|js|css|png|jpeg|jpg|icon) {
	    root /root/hz1808/nginxappstatic;
	    index index.html;
	}

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

测试：
现在访问如下url 30次：
http://192.168.23.144/lb
结果：

Tomcat1提供服务的次数：30 * 10 / (5 + 10) = 20
Tomcat2依次提供服务次数：30 * 5 / (5 + 10) = 10

6.4.3.iphash策略

在默认配置的基础上配置红色部分即可：

user  root;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    #配置负载均衡
    upstream nginx_lb {
        ip_hash;
        server localhost:8080;
        server localhost:8081;
    }

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

	location / {
	    proxy_pass http://nginx_lb/;
	}

	location ~ .*\.(html|js|css|png|jpeg|jpg|icon) {
	    root /root/hz1808/nginxappstatic;
	    index index.html;
	}

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

测试：
现在访问如下url 30次：
http://192.168.23.144/lb
结果：
Tomcat1或者Tomcat2提供服务次数：30

7.高可用性（HA- high availablity）

保证提供的服务不间断
failover-故障切换

8.Session同步

1.Nginx采用iphash策略
2.tomcat配置session同步
3.不再使用session，而将用户信息放在redis中