requests库快速上手—用法整理大全

发送请求

r = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/events’)

r = requests.post(‘http://httpbin.org/post’, data = {‘key’:‘value’})

r = requests.put(‘http://httpbin.org/put’, data = {‘key’:‘value’})

r = requests.delete(‘http://httpbin.org/delete’)

r = requests.head(‘http://httpbin.org/get’)

r = requests.options(‘http://httpbin.org/get’)

传递URL参数

payload = {‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: ‘value2’}
r = requests.get(“http://httpbin.org/get”, params=payload)

payload = {‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: [‘value2’, ‘value3’]}
r = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get’, params=payload)

响应内容

import requests
r = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/events’)
r.text
r.content

JSON 响应内容

r = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/events’)
r.json()

原始响应内容

r = requests.get(‘https://api.github.com/events’, stream=True)
r.raw

定制请求头

url = ‘https://api.github.com/some/endpoint’
headers = {‘user-agent’: ‘my-app/0.0.1’}
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

更加复杂的 POST 请求

payload = {‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: ‘value2’}
r = requests.post(“http://httpbin.org/post”, data=payload)
print(r.text)

payload = ((‘key1’, ‘value1’), (‘key1’, ‘value2’))
r = requests.post(‘http://httpbin.org/post’, data=payload)
print(r.text)

import json
url = ‘https://api.github.com/some/endpoint’
payload = {‘some’: ‘data’}
r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))

POST一个多部分编码(Multipart-Encoded)的文件

url = ‘http://httpbin.org/post’
files = {‘file’: open(‘report.xls’, ‘rb’)}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
r.text

url = ‘http://httpbin.org/post’
files = {‘file’: (‘report.xls’, open(‘report.xls’, ‘rb’), ‘application/vnd.ms-excel’, {‘Expires’: ‘0’})}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
r.text

url = ‘http://httpbin.org/post’
files = {‘file’: (‘report.csv’, ‘some,data,to,send\nanother,row,to,send\n’)}
r = requests.post(url, files=files)
r.text

响应状态码

r = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get’)
r.status_code
r.status_code == requests.codes.ok
True

抛出异常

bad_r = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/status/404’)
bad_r.status_code
404

bad_r.raise_for_status()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “requests/models.py”, line 832, in raise_for_status
raise http_error
requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error

响应头

r.headers
{
‘content-encoding’: ‘gzip’,
‘transfer-encoding’: ‘chunked’,
‘connection’: ‘close’,
‘server’: ‘nginx/1.0.4’,
‘x-runtime’: ‘148ms’,
‘etag’: ‘“e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f”’,
‘content-type’: ‘application/json’
}

r.headers[‘Content-Type’]
‘application/json’

r.headers.get(‘content-type’)
‘application/json’

Cookie

url = ‘http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url’
r = requests.get(url)

r.cookies[‘example_cookie_name’]
‘example_cookie_value’

url = ‘http://httpbin.org/cookies’
cookies = dict(cookies_are=‘working’)

r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
r.text
‘{“cookies”: {“cookies_are”: “working”}}’

jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()
jar.set(‘tasty_cookie’, ‘yum’, domain=‘httpbin.org’, path=’/cookies’)
jar.set(‘gross_cookie’, ‘blech’, domain=‘httpbin.org’, path=’/elsewhere’)
url = ‘http://httpbin.org/cookies’
r = requests.get(url, cookies=jar)
r.text
‘{“cookies”: {“tasty_cookie”: “yum”}}’

重定向与请求历史

r = requests.get(‘http://github.com’)
r.url
‘https://github.com/’

r.status_code
200

r.history
[<Response [301]>]

r = requests.get(‘http://github.com’, allow_redirects=False)
r.status_code
301

r.history
[]

r = requests.head(‘http://github.com’, allow_redirects=True)
r.url
‘https://github.com/’

r.history
[<Response [301]>]

超时

requests.get(‘http://github.com’, timeout=0.001)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File “”, line 1, in
requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host=‘github.com’, port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)

错误与异常

遇到网络问题（如：DNS 查询失败、拒绝连接等）时，>> Requests 会抛出一个 ConnectionError 异常。

如果 HTTP 请求返回了不成功的状态码， Response.raise_for_status() 会抛出一个 HTTPError 异常。

若请求超时，则抛出一个 Timeout 异常。

若请求超过了设定的最大重定向次数，则会抛出一个 TooManyRedirects 异常。

所有Requests显式抛出的异常都继承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。