运行时类型信息，使得可以在程序运行时发现和使用类型信息。
Java如何在运行时识别对象和类的信息：假定在编译时已经知道了所有的类型；反射机制，允许在运行时发现和使用类型信息。
14.1为什么需要RTTI
面向对象的目的：让代码只操作对基类的引用。这样，如果要添加一个新类来扩展程序，就不会影响到原有代码。
//: typeinfo/Shapes.java
import java.util.*;
abstract class Shape {
void draw() { System.out.println(this + ".draw()"); }
abstract public String toString();
}
class Circle extends Shape {
public String toString() { return "Circle"; }
}
class Square extends Shape {
public String toString() { return "Square"; }
}
class Triangle extends Shape {
public String toString() { return "Triangle"; }
}
public class Shapes {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Shape> shapeList = Arrays.asList(
new Circle(), new Square(), new Triangle()
);
for(Shape shape : shapeList)
shape.draw();
}
} /* Output:
Circle.draw()
Square.draw()
Triangle.draw()
*///:~
继承者必须覆写draw()方法。
在Java中所有的类型转换都是在运行时进行正确性检查的。
14.2Class对象
类加载器子系统实际上可以包含一条类加载器链，但是只有一个原生类加载器，他是JVM实现的部分。原生类加载器加载的是所谓的类信息，包括java API类，他们通常是从本地磁盘加载的。
所有的类都是在对其第一次使用中，加载到Java虚拟机中的。当程序创建第一个对类的静态成员的引用时，就会加载这个类。
构造器也是类的静态方法。
一旦某个类的class对象被载入内存，他就被用来创建这个类的所有对象。
//: typeinfo/SweetShop.java
// Examination of the way the class loader works.
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Candy {
static { print("Loading Candy"); }
}
class Gum {
static { print("Loading Gum"); }
}
class Cookie {
static { print("Loading Cookie"); }
}
public class SweetShop {
public static void main(String[] args) {
print("inside main");
new Candy();
print("After creating Candy");
try {
Class.forName("Gum");
} catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
print("Couldn't find Gum");
}
print("After Class.forName(\"Gum\")");
new Cookie();
print("After creating Cookie");
}
} /* Output:
inside main
Loading Candy
After creating Candy
Loading Gum
After Class.forName("Gum")
Loading Cookie
After creating Cookie
*///:~
Class.forName("Gum");
这个方法是Class类（所有Class对象都属于这个类）的一个static成员。
forName()是获取Class对象的引用的一种方法。本例的作用是：如果Gum还没有加载，就加载他。
如果已经有类型对象，可以通过调用getClass()方法来获取Class引用。
//: typeinfo/toys/ToyTest.java
// Testing class Class.
package typeinfo.toys;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
interface HasBatteries {}
interface Waterproof {}
interface Shoots {}
class Toy {
// Comment out the following default constructor
// to see NoSuchMethodError from (*1*)
Toy() {}
Toy(int i) {}
}
class FancyToy extends Toy
implements HasBatteries, Waterproof, Shoots {
FancyToy() { super(1); }
}
public class ToyTest {
static void printInfo(Class cc) {
print("Class name: " + cc.getName() +
" is interface? [" + cc.isInterface() + "]");
print("Simple name: " + cc.getSimpleName());
print("Canonical name : " + cc.getCanonicalName());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class c = null;
try {
c = Class.forName("typeinfo.toys.FancyToy");
} catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
print("Can't find FancyToy");
System.exit(1);
}
printInfo(c);
for(Class face : c.getInterfaces())
printInfo(face);
Class up = c.getSuperclass();
Object obj = null;
try {
// Requires default constructor:
obj = up.newInstance();
} catch(InstantiationException e) {
print("Cannot instantiate");
System.exit(1);
} catch(IllegalAccessException e) {
print("Cannot access");
System.exit(1);
}
printInfo(obj.getClass());
}
} /* Output:
Class name: typeinfo.toys.FancyToy is interface? [false]
Simple name: FancyToy
Canonical name : typeinfo.toys.FancyToy
Class name: typeinfo.toys.HasBatteries is interface? [true]
Simple name: HasBatteries
Canonical name : typeinfo.toys.HasBatteries
Class name: typeinfo.toys.Waterproof is interface? [true]
Simple name: Waterproof
Canonical name : typeinfo.toys.Waterproof
Class name: typeinfo.toys.Shoots is interface? [true]
Simple name: Shoots
Canonical name : typeinfo.toys.Shoots
Class name: typeinfo.toys.Toy is interface? [false]
Simple name: Toy
Canonical name : typeinfo.toys.Toy
*///:~
用forName创建了一个Class引用。
类字面常量：可以应用于普通的类，、接口、数组、基本数据类型。
使用.class创建对Class对象的引用时，不会自动地初始化该Class对象。包含三个步骤：
1.加载 2.连接 3.初始化
//: typeinfo/ClassInitialization.java
import java.util.*;
class Initable {
static final int staticFinal = 47;
static final int staticFinal2 =
ClassInitialization.rand.nextInt(1000);
static {
System.out.println("Initializing Initable");
}
}
class Initable2 {
static int staticNonFinal = 147;
static {
System.out.println("Initializing Initable2");
}
}
class Initable3 {
static int staticNonFinal = 74;
static {
System.out.println("Initializing Initable3");
}
}
public class ClassInitialization {
public static Random rand = new Random(47);
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class initable = Initable.class;
System.out.println("After creating Initable ref");
// Does not trigger initialization:
System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal);
// Does trigger initialization:
System.out.println(Initable.staticFinal2);
// Does trigger initialization:
System.out.println(Initable2.staticNonFinal);
Class initable3 = Class.forName("Initable3");
System.out.println("After creating Initable3 ref");
System.out.println(Initable3.staticNonFinal);
}
} /* Output:
After creating Initable ref
47
Initializing Initable
258
Initializing Initable2
147
Initializing Initable3
After creating Initable3 ref
74
*///:~
如果一个static域不是final的，那么在对他访问时，总是要求在它被读取之前，要先进行连接（为这个域分配存储空间）和初始化（初始化该存储空间）。
Class引用总是指向某个Class对象，可以制造类的实例，并包含可作用于这些实例的所有方法代码。它还包括该类的静态成员，Class引用表示的就是他所指向的对象的确切类型，该对象便是Class类的一个对象。
//: typeinfo/GenericClassReferences.java
public class GenericClassReferences {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class intClass = int.class;
Class<Integer> genericIntClass = int.class;
genericIntClass = Integer.class; // Same thing
intClass = double.class;
// genericIntClass = double.class; // Illegal
}
} ///:~
通配符，Java泛型的一部分。？，表示任何事物。
//: typeinfo/WildcardClassReferences.java
public class WildcardClassReferences {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class<?> intClass = int.class;
intClass = double.class;
}
} ///:~
Class<?> 的好处表示我们并非由于疏忽造成，使用了非具体的引用类。
为了创建一个Class引用，它被限制为某种类型，或该类型的任何子类型：
//: typeinfo/BoundedClassReferences.java
public class BoundedClassReferences {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Class<? extends Number> bounded = int.class;
bounded = double.class;
bounded = Number.class;
// Or anything else derived from Number.
}
} ///:~
向Class引用添加泛型语法的原因仅仅为了提供编译期类型检查。
泛型类语法：
//: typeinfo/FilledList.java
import java.util.*;
class CountedInteger {
private static long counter;
private final long id = counter++;
public String toString() { return Long.toString(id); }
}
public class FilledList<T> {
private Class<T> type;
public FilledList(Class<T> type) { this.type = type; }
public List<T> create(int nElements) {
List<T> result = new ArrayList<T>();
try {
for(int i = 0; i < nElements; i++)
result.add(type.newInstance());
} catch(Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException(e);
}
return result;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
FilledList<CountedInteger> fl =
new FilledList<CountedInteger>(CountedInteger.class);
System.out.println(fl.create(15));
}
} /* Output:
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
*///:~
newInstance()主要作用是在内存中生成一个实例，而这个方法在使用前必须得保证：①这个类被加载到内存中，②这个类已经被连接，而完成以上两个过程的是Class.forName()方法。
//: typeinfo/toys/GenericToyTest.java
// Testing class Class.
package typeinfo.toys;
public class GenericToyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Class<FancyToy> ftClass = FancyToy.class;
// Produces exact type:
FancyToy fancyToy = ftClass.newInstance();
Class<? super FancyToy> up = ftClass.getSuperclass();
// This won't compile:
// Class<Toy> up2 = ftClass.getSuperclass();
// Only produces Object:
Object obj = up.newInstance();
}
} ///:~
新的转型语法：
//: typeinfo/ClassCasts.java
class Building {}
class House extends Building {}
public class ClassCasts {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Building b = new House();
Class<House> houseType = House.class;
House h = houseType.cast(b);
h = (House)b; // ... or just do this.
}
} ///:~
cast()方法接受参数对象，并将其转型为Class引用的类型。
14.3类型转换前先做检查
rtti（假定在编译时知道所有类型）包括：
传统的类型转换（Shape）
代表 对象 的 类型 的 Class 对象。
instanceof.返回一个布尔值，告诉我们对象是不是某个特定类型的实例。。
if(x instanceof Dog)
((Dog) x).bark();
在向下转型前用instanceof判断很有必要。防治发生异常。对instanceof有比较严格的限制，只可将其与命名类型进行比较，而不能与Class对象作比较。
//: typeinfo/PetCount.java
// Using instanceof.
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class PetCount {
static class PetCounter extends HashMap<String,Integer> {
public void count(String type) {
Integer quantity = get(type);
if(quantity == null)
put(type, 1);
else
put(type, quantity + 1);
}
}
public static void
countPets(PetCreator creator) {
PetCounter counter= new PetCounter();
for(Pet pet : creator.createArray(20)) {
// List each individual pet:
printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " ");
if(pet instanceof Pet)
counter.count("Pet");
if(pet instanceof Dog)
counter.count("Dog");
if(pet instanceof Mutt)
counter.count("Mutt");
if(pet instanceof Pug)
counter.count("Pug");
if(pet instanceof Cat)
counter.count("Cat");
if(pet instanceof Manx)
counter.count("EgyptianMau");
if(pet instanceof Manx)
counter.count("Manx");
if(pet instanceof Manx)
counter.count("Cymric");
if(pet instanceof Rodent)
counter.count("Rodent");
if(pet instanceof Rat)
counter.count("Rat");
if(pet instanceof Mouse)
counter.count("Mouse");
if(pet instanceof Hamster)
counter.count("Hamster");
}
// Show the counts:
print();
print(counter);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
countPets(new ForNameCreator());
}
} /* Output:
Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric
{Pug=3, Cat=9, Hamster=1, Cymric=7, Mouse=2, Mutt=3, Rodent=5, Pet=20, Manx=7, EgyptianMau=7, Dog=6, Rat=2}
*///:~
动态的instanceof
Class.isInstance方法提供了一种动态的测试对象的途径。于是所有那些单调的instanceof语句都可以从PetCount.java的例子中移除：
//: typeinfo/PetCount3.java
// Using isInstance()
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class PetCount3 {
static class PetCounter
extends LinkedHashMap<Class<? extends Pet>,Integer> {
public PetCounter() {
super(MapData.map(LiteralPetCreator.allTypes, 0));
}
public void count(Pet pet) {
// Class.isInstance() eliminates instanceofs:
for(Map.Entry<Class<? extends Pet>,Integer> pair
: entrySet())
if(pair.getKey().isInstance(pet))
put(pair.getKey(), pair.getValue() + 1);
}
public String toString() {
StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder("{");
for(Map.Entry<Class<? extends Pet>,Integer> pair
: entrySet()) {
result.append(pair.getKey().getSimpleName());
result.append("=");
result.append(pair.getValue());
result.append(", ");
}
result.delete(result.length()-2, result.length());
result.append("}");
return result.toString();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
PetCounter petCount = new PetCounter();
for(Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) {
printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " ");
petCount.count(pet);
}
print();
print(petCount);
}
} /* Output:
Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric
{Pet=20, Dog=6, Cat=9, Rodent=5, Mutt=3, Pug=3, EgyptianMau=2, Manx=7, Cymric=5, Rat=2, Mouse=2, Hamster=1}
*///:~
递归计算：
//: typeinfo/PetCount4.java
import typeinfo.pets.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class PetCount4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TypeCounter counter = new TypeCounter(Pet.class);
for(Pet pet : Pets.createArray(20)) {
printnb(pet.getClass().getSimpleName() + " ");
counter.count(pet);
}
print();
print(counter);
}
} /* Output: (Sample)
Rat Manx Cymric Mutt Pug Cymric Pug Manx Cymric Rat EgyptianMau Hamster EgyptianMau Mutt Mutt Cymric Mouse Pug Mouse Cymric
{Mouse=2, Dog=6, Manx=7, EgyptianMau=2, Rodent=5, Pug=3, Mutt=3, Cymric=5, Cat=9, Hamster=1, Pet=20, Rat=2}
*///:~
14.4注册工厂
将对象的创建交给类自己完成。工厂方法可以被多态地调用，创建恰当类型的对象。
工厂方法就是Factory接口中的create方法：
//: typeinfo/factory/Factory.java
package typeinfo.factory;
public interface Factory<T> { T create(); } ///:~基类Part包含一个工厂对象的列表，对于这个由createRandom()方法产生的类型，他们的工厂都被添加到了partFactories List中，从而被注册到了基类中：
//: typeinfo/RegisteredFactories.java
// Registering Class Factories in the base class.
import typeinfo.factory.*;
import java.util.*;
class Part {
public String toString() {
return getClass().getSimpleName();
}
static List<Factory<? extends Part>> partFactories =
new ArrayList<Factory<? extends Part>>();
static {
// Collections.addAll() gives an "unchecked generic
// array creation ... for varargs parameter" warning.
partFactories.add(new FuelFilter.Factory());
partFactories.add(new AirFilter.Factory());
partFactories.add(new CabinAirFilter.Factory());
partFactories.add(new OilFilter.Factory());
partFactories.add(new FanBelt.Factory());
partFactories.add(new PowerSteeringBelt.Factory());
partFactories.add(new GeneratorBelt.Factory());
}
private static Random rand = new Random(47);
public static Part createRandom() {
int n = rand.nextInt(partFactories.size());
return partFactories.get(n).create();
}
}
class Filter extends Part {}
class FuelFilter extends Filter {
// Create a Class Factory for each specific type:
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<FuelFilter> {
public FuelFilter create() { return new FuelFilter(); }
}
}
class AirFilter extends Filter {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<AirFilter> {
public AirFilter create() { return new AirFilter(); }
}
}
class CabinAirFilter extends Filter {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<CabinAirFilter> {
public CabinAirFilter create() {
return new CabinAirFilter();
}
}
}
class OilFilter extends Filter {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<OilFilter> {
public OilFilter create() { return new OilFilter(); }
}
}
class Belt extends Part {}
class FanBelt extends Belt {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<FanBelt> {
public FanBelt create() { return new FanBelt(); }
}
}
class GeneratorBelt extends Belt {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<GeneratorBelt> {
public GeneratorBelt create() {
return new GeneratorBelt();
}
}
}
class PowerSteeringBelt extends Belt {
public static class Factory
implements typeinfo.factory.Factory<PowerSteeringBelt> {
public PowerSteeringBelt create() {
return new PowerSteeringBelt();
}
}
}
public class RegisteredFactories {
public static void main(String[] args) {
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
System.out.println(Part.createRandom());
}
} /* Output:
GeneratorBelt
CabinAirFilter
GeneratorBelt
AirFilter
PowerSteeringBelt
CabinAirFilter
FuelFilter
PowerSteeringBelt
PowerSteeringBelt
FuelFilter
*///:~
14.5instanceof与Class的等价性
在查询类型信息时，以instanceof的形式（即instanceof新式或isInstance()的形式，他们产生的结果）与直接比较Class对象有一个很重要的差别:
//: typeinfo/FamilyVsExactType.java
// The difference between instanceof and class
package typeinfo;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class Base {}
class Derived extends Base {}
public class FamilyVsExactType {
static void test(Object x) {
print("Testing x of type " + x.getClass());
print("x instanceof Base " + (x instanceof Base));
print("x instanceof Derived "+ (x instanceof Derived));
print("Base.isInstance(x) "+ Base.class.isInstance(x));
print("Derived.isInstance(x) " +
Derived.class.isInstance(x));
print("x.getClass() == Base.class " +
(x.getClass() == Base.class));
print("x.getClass() == Derived.class " +
(x.getClass() == Derived.class));
print("x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) "+
(x.getClass().equals(Base.class)));
print("x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) " +
(x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
test(new Base());
test(new Derived());
}
} /* Output:
Testing x of type class typeinfo.Base
x instanceof Base true
x instanceof Derived false
Base.isInstance(x) true
Derived.isInstance(x) false
x.getClass() == Base.class true
x.getClass() == Derived.class false
x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) true
x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) false
Testing x of type class typeinfo.Derived
x instanceof Base true
x instanceof Derived true
Base.isInstance(x) true
Derived.isInstance(x) true
x.getClass() == Base.class false
x.getClass() == Derived.class true
x.getClass().equals(Base.class)) false
x.getClass().equals(Derived.class)) true
*///:~
14.6反射，运行时的类信息
如果不知道某个对象的确切类型，RTTI可以知道。但是这个类型在编译的时候必须已知。
反射提供了一种机制，用来检查可用的方法，并返回方法名。当通过反射与一个未知类型打交道时，JVM只是简单的检查这个对象，看他属于那个特定的类。
反射在Java中是用来支持其他特性的，例如对象序列化和JavaBean。
反射机制提供了一种方法，使我们能够编写可自动展示完整接口的简单工具：
//: typeinfo/ShowMethods.java
// Using reflection to show all the methods of a class,
// even if the methods are defined in the base class.
// {Args: ShowMethods}
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.regex.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
public class ShowMethods {
private static String usage =
"usage:\n" +
"ShowMethods qualified.class.name\n" +
"To show all methods in class or:\n" +
"ShowMethods qualified.class.name word\n" +
"To search for methods involving 'word'";
private static Pattern p = Pattern.compile("\\w+\\.");
public static void main(String[] args) {
if(args.length < 1) {
print(usage);
System.exit(0);
}
int lines = 0;
try {
Class<?> c = Class.forName(args[0]);
Method[] methods = c.getMethods();
Constructor[] ctors = c.getConstructors();
if(args.length == 1) {
for(Method method : methods)
print(
p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll(""));
for(Constructor ctor : ctors)
print(p.matcher(ctor.toString()).replaceAll(""));
lines = methods.length + ctors.length;
} else {
for(Method method : methods)
if(method.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) {
print(
p.matcher(method.toString()).replaceAll(""));
lines++;
}
for(Constructor ctor : ctors)
if(ctor.toString().indexOf(args[1]) != -1) {
print(p.matcher(
ctor.toString()).replaceAll(""));
lines++;
}
}
} catch(ClassNotFoundException e) {
print("No such class: " + e);
}
}
} /* Output:
public static void main(String[])
public native int hashCode()
public final native Class getClass()
public final void wait(long,int) throws InterruptedException
public final void wait() throws InterruptedException
public final native void wait(long) throws InterruptedException
public boolean equals(Object)
public String toString()
public final native void notify()
public final native void notifyAll()
public ShowMethods()
*///:~
Class的getMethods()和getContructors()方法分别返回Method对象的数组和Contructor对象的数组。
14.7动态代理
代理设计模式，为了提供额外或者不同的操作，而插入的用来代替实际对象的对象。
//: typeinfo/SimpleProxyDemo.java
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
interface Interface {
void doSomething();
void somethingElse(String arg);
}
class RealObject implements Interface {
public void doSomething() { print("doSomething"); }
public void somethingElse(String arg) {
print("somethingElse " + arg);
}
}
class SimpleProxy implements Interface {
private Interface proxied;
public SimpleProxy(Interface proxied) {
this.proxied = proxied;
}
public void doSomething() {
print("SimpleProxy doSomething");
proxied.doSomething();
}
public void somethingElse(String arg) {
print("SimpleProxy somethingElse " + arg);
proxied.somethingElse(arg);
}
}
class SimpleProxyDemo {
public static void consumer(Interface iface) {
iface.doSomething();
iface.somethingElse("bonobo");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
consumer(new RealObject());
consumer(new SimpleProxy(new RealObject()));
}
} /* Output:
doSomething
somethingElse bonobo
SimpleProxy doSomething
doSomething
SimpleProxy somethingElse bonobo
somethingElse bonobo
*///:~
Java动态代理可以动态的创建代理，并动态的处理对所代理方法的调用：
//: typeinfo/SimpleDynamicProxy.java
import java.lang.reflect.*;
class DynamicProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler {
private Object proxied;
public DynamicProxyHandler(Object proxied) {
this.proxied = proxied;
}
public Object
invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
System.out.println("**** proxy: " + proxy.getClass() +
", method: " + method + ", args: " + args);
if(args != null)
for(Object arg : args)
System.out.println(" " + arg);
return method.invoke(proxied, args);
}
}
class SimpleDynamicProxy {
public static void consumer(Interface iface) {
iface.doSomething();
iface.somethingElse("bonobo");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
RealObject real = new RealObject();
consumer(real);
// Insert a proxy and call again:
Interface proxy = (Interface)Proxy.newProxyInstance(
Interface.class.getClassLoader(),
new Class[]{ Interface.class },
new DynamicProxyHandler(real));
consumer(proxy);
}
} /* Output: (95% match)
doSomething
somethingElse bonobo
**** proxy: class $Proxy0, method: public abstract void Interface.doSomething(), args: null
doSomething
**** proxy: class $Proxy0, method: public abstract void Interface.somethingElse(java.lang.String), args: [Ljava.lang.Object;@42e816
bonobo
somethingElse bonobo
*///:~
//: typeinfo/SelectingMethods.java
// Looking for particular methods in a dynamic proxy.
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class MethodSelector implements InvocationHandler {
private Object proxied;
public MethodSelector(Object proxied) {
this.proxied = proxied;
}
public Object
invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
if(method.getName().equals("interesting"))
print("Proxy detected the interesting method");
return method.invoke(proxied, args);
}
}
interface SomeMethods {
void boring1();
void boring2();
void interesting(String arg);
void boring3();
}
class Implementation implements SomeMethods {
public void boring1() { print("boring1"); }
public void boring2() { print("boring2"); }
public void interesting(String arg) {
print("interesting " + arg);
}
public void boring3() { print("boring3"); }
}
class SelectingMethods {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SomeMethods proxy= (SomeMethods)Proxy.newProxyInstance(
SomeMethods.class.getClassLoader(),
new Class[]{ SomeMethods.class },
new MethodSelector(new Implementation()));
proxy.boring1();
proxy.boring2();
proxy.interesting("bonobo");
proxy.boring3();
}
} /* Output:
boring1
boring2
Proxy detected the interesting method
interesting bonobo
boring3
*///:~
14.8空对象
//: typeinfo/Person.java
// A class with a Null Object.
import net.mindview.util.*;
class Person {
public final String first;
public final String last;
public final String address;
// etc.
public Person(String first, String last, String address){
this.first = first;
this.last = last;
this.address = address;
}
public String toString() {
return "Person: " + first + " " + last + " " + address;
}
public static class NullPerson
extends Person implements Null {
private NullPerson() { super("None", "None", "None"); }
public String toString() { return "NullPerson"; }
}
public static final Person NULL = new NullPerson();
} ///:~
//: typeinfo/Position.java
class Position {
private String title;
private Person person;
public Position(String jobTitle, Person employee) {
title = jobTitle;
person = employee;
if(person == null)
person = Person.NULL;
}
public Position(String jobTitle) {
title = jobTitle;
person = Person.NULL;
}
public String getTitle() { return title; }
public void setTitle(String newTitle) {
title = newTitle;
}
public Person getPerson() { return person; }
public void setPerson(Person newPerson) {
person = newPerson;
if(person == null)
person = Person.NULL;
}
public String toString() {
return "Position: " + title + " " + person;
}
} ///:~
//: typeinfo/Staff.java
import java.util.*;
public class Staff extends ArrayList<Position> {
public void add(String title, Person person) {
add(new Position(title, person));
}
public void add(String... titles) {
for(String title : titles)
add(new Position(title));
}
public Staff(String... titles) { add(titles); }
public boolean positionAvailable(String title) {
for(Position position : this)
if(position.getTitle().equals(title) &&
position.getPerson() == Person.NULL)
return true;
return false;
}
public void fillPosition(String title, Person hire) {
for(Position position : this)
if(position.getTitle().equals(title) &&
position.getPerson() == Person.NULL) {
position.setPerson(hire);
return;
}
throw new RuntimeException(
"Position " + title + " not available");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Staff staff = new Staff("President", "CTO",
"Marketing Manager", "Product Manager",
"Project Lead", "Software Engineer",
"Software Engineer", "Software Engineer",
"Software Engineer", "Test Engineer",
"Technical Writer");
staff.fillPosition("President",
new Person("Me", "Last", "The Top, Lonely At"));
staff.fillPosition("Project Lead",
new Person("Janet", "Planner", "The Burbs"));
if(staff.positionAvailable("Software Engineer"))
staff.fillPosition("Software Engineer",
new Person("Bob", "Coder", "Bright Light City"));
System.out.println(staff);
}
} /* Output:
[Position: President Person: Me Last The Top, Lonely At, Position: CTO NullPerson, Position: Marketing Manager NullPerson, Position: Product Manager NullPerson, Position: Project Lead Person: Janet Planner The Burbs, Position: Software Engineer Person: Bob Coder Bright Light City, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Software Engineer NullPerson, Position: Test Engineer NullPerson, Position: Technical Writer NullPerson]
*///:~
//: typeinfo/SnowRemovalRobot.java
import java.util.*;
public class SnowRemovalRobot implements Robot {
private String name;
public SnowRemovalRobot(String name) {this.name = name;}
public String name() { return name; }
public String model() { return "SnowBot Series 11"; }
public List<Operation> operations() {
return Arrays.asList(
new Operation() {
public String description() {
return name + " can shovel snow";
}
public void command() {
System.out.println(name + " shoveling snow");
}
},
new Operation() {
public String description() {
return name + " can chip ice";
}
public void command() {
System.out.println(name + " chipping ice");
}
},
new Operation() {
public String description() {
return name + " can clear the roof";
}
public void command() {
System.out.println(name + " clearing roof");
}
}
);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Robot.Test.test(new SnowRemovalRobot("Slusher"));
}
} /* Output:
Robot name: Slusher
Robot model: SnowBot Series 11
Slusher can shovel snow
Slusher shoveling snow
Slusher can chip ice
Slusher chipping ice
Slusher can clear the roof
Slusher clearing roof
*///:~
//: typeinfo/NullRobot.java
// Using a dynamic proxy to create a Null Object.
import java.lang.reflect.*;
import java.util.*;
import net.mindview.util.*;
class NullRobotProxyHandler implements InvocationHandler {
private String nullName;
private Robot proxied = new NRobot();
NullRobotProxyHandler(Class<? extends Robot> type) {
nullName = type.getSimpleName() + " NullRobot";
}
private class NRobot implements Null, Robot {
public String name() { return nullName; }
public String model() { return nullName; }
public List<Operation> operations() {
return Collections.emptyList();
}
}
public Object
invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)
throws Throwable {
return method.invoke(proxied, args);
}
}
public class NullRobot {
public static Robot
newNullRobot(Class<? extends Robot> type) {
return (Robot)Proxy.newProxyInstance(
NullRobot.class.getClassLoader(),
new Class[]{ Null.class, Robot.class },
new NullRobotProxyHandler(type));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Robot[] bots = {
new SnowRemovalRobot("SnowBee"),
newNullRobot(SnowRemovalRobot.class)
};
for(Robot bot : bots)
Robot.Test.test(bot);
}
} /* Output:
Robot name: SnowBee
Robot model: SnowBot Series 11
SnowBee can shovel snow
SnowBee shoveling snow
SnowBee can chip ice
SnowBee chipping ice
SnowBee can clear the roof
SnowBee clearing roof
[Null Robot]
Robot name: SnowRemovalRobot NullRobot
Robot model: SnowRemovalRobot NullRobot
*///:~
14.9接口与类型信息
interface关键字一种重要目标就是允许程序员隔离构建，进而降低耦合性。
//: typeinfo/InterfaceViolation.java
// Sneaking around an interface.
import typeinfo.interfacea.*;
class B implements A {
public void f() {}
public void g() {}
}
public class InterfaceViolation {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new B();
a.f();
// a.g(); // Compile error
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
if(a instanceof B) {
B b = (B)a;
b.g();
}
}
} /* Output:
B
*///:~
//: typeinfo/HiddenImplementation.java
// Sneaking around package access.
import typeinfo.interfacea.*;
import typeinfo.packageaccess.*;
import java.lang.reflect.*;
public class HiddenImplementation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
A a = HiddenC.makeA();
a.f();
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
// Compile error: cannot find symbol 'C':
/* if(a instanceof C) {
C c = (C)a;
c.g();
} */
// Oops! Reflection still allows us to call g():
callHiddenMethod(a, "g");
// And even methods that are less accessible!
callHiddenMethod(a, "u");
callHiddenMethod(a, "v");
callHiddenMethod(a, "w");
}
static void callHiddenMethod(Object a, String methodName)
throws Exception {
Method g = a.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(methodName);
g.setAccessible(true);
g.invoke(a);
}
} /* Output:
public C.f()
typeinfo.packageaccess.C
public C.g()
package C.u()
protected C.v()
private C.w()
*///:~
//: typeinfo/AnonymousImplementation.java
// Anonymous inner classes can't hide from reflection.
import typeinfo.interfacea.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;
class AnonymousA {
public static A makeA() {
return new A() {
public void f() { print("public C.f()"); }
public void g() { print("public C.g()"); }
void u() { print("package C.u()"); }
protected void v() { print("protected C.v()"); }
private void w() { print("private C.w()"); }
};
}
}
public class AnonymousImplementation {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
A a = AnonymousA.makeA();
a.f();
System.out.println(a.getClass().getName());
// Reflection still gets into the anonymous class:
HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "g");
HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "u");
HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "v");
HiddenImplementation.callHiddenMethod(a, "w");
}
} /* Output:
public C.f()
AnonymousA$1
public C.g()
package C.u()
protected C.v()
private C.w()
*///:~
//: typeinfo/ModifyingPrivateFields.java
import java.lang.reflect.*;
class WithPrivateFinalField {
private int i = 1;
private final String s = "I'm totally safe";
private String s2 = "Am I safe?";
public String toString() {
return "i = " + i + ", " + s + ", " + s2;
}
}
public class ModifyingPrivateFields {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
WithPrivateFinalField pf = new WithPrivateFinalField();
System.out.println(pf);
Field f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("i");
f.setAccessible(true);
System.out.println("f.getInt(pf): " + f.getInt(pf));
f.setInt(pf, 47);
System.out.println(pf);
f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s");
f.setAccessible(true);
System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf));
f.set(pf, "No, you're not!");
System.out.println(pf);
f = pf.getClass().getDeclaredField("s2");
f.setAccessible(true);
System.out.println("f.get(pf): " + f.get(pf));
f.set(pf, "No, you're not!");
System.out.println(pf);
}
} /* Output:
i = 1, I'm totally safe, Am I safe?
f.getInt(pf): 1
i = 47, I'm totally safe, Am I safe?
f.get(pf): I'm totally safe
i = 47, I'm totally safe, Am I safe?
f.get(pf): Am I safe?
i = 47, I'm totally safe, No, you're not!
*///:~
14.10总结
RTTI允许通过匿名基类的引用来发现类型信息。
本章相对难理解，涉及到代理、反射、接口等复杂的东西。需要继续深入研究。
