MySQL数据库的备份与恢复（3）——恢复数据

其他 2020-09-22 10:57:25 阅读次数: 0

MySQL数据库的备份与恢复（3）——恢复数据

使用MySQL自带的备份工具mysqldump备份数据，然后进行数据恢复。

一、以SQL格式备份数据并且恢复

1、备份所有数据库

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --all-databases > /tmp/all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

2、备份指定的多个数据库

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases wgx hist > /tmp/all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

恢复wgx和hist数据库

方法一：登录mysql进行恢复

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wgx                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop database wgx;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> drop database hist;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> source /tmp/all.sql;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
.....
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wgx                |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

方法二：不登录mysql 进行恢复

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database wgx;drop database hist;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /tmp/all.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wgx                |
+--------------------+

3、备份指定的一个数据库

（1）指定–databases参数

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases wgx > /tmp/wgx.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

此命令生成的备份文件包含create database和use命令，如下：

[root@Mysql11 ~]# cat /tmp/wgx.sql
--
-- Current Database: `wgx`
--

CREATE DATABASE /*!32312 IF NOT EXISTS*/ `wgx` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */;

USE `wgx`;

（2）也可以不指定–databases参数

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 wgx > /tmp/wgx.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

当对一个数据库进行备份时，可以省略- -databases参数，但是省略该参数后生成的备份文件中没有CREATE DATABASE 和USE语句，那么恢复备份文件时，必须指定一个默认的数据库名。

此时可以使用一个和原始数据库名称不同的数据库名。

[root@Mysql11 ~]# cat /tmp/wgx.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.27, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost    Database: wgx
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version	5.7.27

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_UNIQUE_CHECKS=@@UNIQUE_CHECKS, UNIQUE_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40014 SET @OLD_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=@@FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS, FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;

--
-- Table structure for table `department`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `department`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `department` (
  `dept_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dept_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

4、恢复某个数据库中的所有数据

方法一：如果备份数据库时有–databases参数

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database wgx;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /tmp/wgx.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wgx                |
+--------------------+

方法二：如果备份数据库时没有–databases参数

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[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 < /tmp/wgx.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
ERROR 1046 (3D000) at line 22: No database selected

注意：如果没有选择数据库，会出现错误：ERROR 1046 (3D000) at line 22: No database selected

因此，必须先使用use命令选择要恢复的数据库：

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "drop database wgx;create database wanggx;use wanggx;source /tmp/wgx.sql;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "show databases;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hist               |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wanggx             |

可以看到，恢复数据的同时修改了数据库名称。

5、恢复某个数据库中的若干张表

方法一：指定–databases和–tables参数

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --databases hist --tables dept stu > hist.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# cat hist.sql
............
--
-- Table structure for table `dept`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `dept` (
  `dept_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dept_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

--
-- Dumping data for table `dept`
--

LOCK TABLES `dept` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `dept` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (1,'guanli'),(2,'jingji'),(3,'jidian'),(4,'jisuanji');
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `dept` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;

--
-- Table structure for table `stu`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `stu`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `stu` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `address` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` char(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `dept_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

--
-- Dumping data for table `stu`
--

LOCK TABLES `stu` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `stu` VALUES (1,'zhangsan',20,'Xinxiang','15578941258',1),(2,'tom',20,'Xinxiang','13778942222',1),(3,'jack',20,'Zhengzhou','13675871454',1),(4,'john',21,'Zhengzhou','13937681111',2),(5,'mark',22,'Aanyang','13055882233',2);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;

...........

-- Dump completed on 2020-07-02 10:07:03

方法二：不指定–databases参数

如果不指定–databases参数，则第一个名称默认为数据库名，后面的其他名称为表名，格式如下：

mysqldump -uuser -p db_name t_name1 t_name2 > file_name

例如：

[root@Mysql11 ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 hist dept stu > /tmp/hist-bak.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 ~]# cat /tmp/hist-bak.sql
...............

--
-- Table structure for table `dept`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `dept` (
  `dept_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dept_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

--
-- Dumping data for table `dept`
--

LOCK TABLES `dept` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `dept` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (1,'guanli'),(2,'jingji'),(3,'jidian'),(4,'jisuanji');
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `dept` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;

--
-- Table structure for table `stu`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `stu`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `stu` (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `address` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phone` char(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  `dept_id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

--
-- Dumping data for table `stu`
--

LOCK TABLES `stu` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `stu` VALUES (1,'zhangsan',20,'Xinxiang','15578941258',1),(2,'tom',20,'Xinxiang','13778942222',1),(3,'jack',20,'Zhengzhou','13675871454',1),(4,'john',21,'Zhengzhou','13937681111',2),(5,'mark',22,'Aanyang','13055882233',2);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `stu` ENABLE KEYS */;
UNLOCK TABLES;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;

.................

-- Dump completed on 2020-07-02 10:10:24

二、备份为带分隔符的文本文件格式并进行恢复

1.使用参数【–tab=目录】备份

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 --tab=/tmp/ hist
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@Mysql11 tmp]# ls
dept.sql  dept.txt  stu.sql  stu.txt

调用mysqldump时，如果带有- -tab=dir_name选项去备份数据库，则dir_name表示输出文件的目录，在这个目录中，要备份的每个表将会产生两个文件，一个是sql文件，包含CREATE TABLE语句；另一个是txt文件，文件中的每一行为数据表中的一条记录，列值与列值之间以‘tab’分隔。

dept.sql文件的内容如下：

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# cat dept.sql
-- MySQL dump 10.13  Distrib 5.7.27, for Linux (x86_64)
--
-- Host: localhost    Database: hist
-- ------------------------------------------------------
-- Server version	5.7.27

/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@@CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@@CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION=@@COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40101 SET NAMES utf8 */;
/*!40103 SET @OLD_TIME_ZONE=@@TIME_ZONE */;
/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE='+00:00' */;
/*!40101 SET @OLD_SQL_MODE=@@SQL_MODE, SQL_MODE='' */;
/*!40111 SET @OLD_SQL_NOTES=@@SQL_NOTES, SQL_NOTES=0 */;

--
-- Table structure for table `dept`
--

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;
/*!40101 SET @saved_cs_client     = @@character_set_client */;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = utf8 */;
CREATE TABLE `dept` (
  `dept_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`dept_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
/*!40101 SET character_set_client = @saved_cs_client */;

/*!40103 SET TIME_ZONE=@OLD_TIME_ZONE */;

/*!40101 SET SQL_MODE=@OLD_SQL_MODE */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT */;
/*!40101 SET CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS=@OLD_CHARACTER_SET_RESULTS */;
/*!40101 SET COLLATION_CONNECTION=@OLD_COLLATION_CONNECTION */;
/*!40111 SET SQL_NOTES=@OLD_SQL_NOTES */;

-- Dump completed on 2020-07-02 10:23:16
[root@Mysql11 tmp]#

dept.txt文件的内容如下：

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# cat dept.txt
1	guanli
2	jingji
3	jidian
4	jisuanji

2、恢复数据

恢复数据时，首先用mysql命令处理.sql文件去还原表结构，然后处理.txt文件去载入记录。

（1）还原表结构

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "use hist;source /tmp/dept.sql;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

也可使用：mysql –u 用户名 –p 数据库名 < 表名.sql

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 hist < dept.sql
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

（2）恢复数据

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysqlimport -uroot -p123456 hist /tmp/dept.txt
mysqlimport: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
hist.dept: Records: 4  Deleted: 0  Skipped: 0  Warnings: 0

使用LOAD DATA INFILE命令恢复记录：

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -e "use hist;load data infile '/tmp/dept.txt' into table dept;"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

三、使用select…into outfile命令导出数据并恢复数据

1、导出数据

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 hist -e "select * from stu into outfile '/tmp/stu.txt' fields terminated by ',';"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# cat /tmp/stu.txt
1,zhangsan,20,Xinxiang,15578941258,1
2,tom,20,Xinxiang,13778942222,1
3,jack,20,Zhengzhou,13675871454,1
4,john,21,Zhengzhou,13937681111,2
5,mark,22,Aanyang,13055882233,2

2、恢复数据

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 hist -e "load data infile '/tmp/stu.txt' into table stu fields terminated by ',';"
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

[root@Mysql11 tmp]# mysql -uroot -p123456 hist -e "select * from stu;" 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+----+----------+------+-----------+-------------+---------+
| id | name     | age  | address   | phone       | dept_id |
+----+----------+------+-----------+-------------+---------+
|  1 | zhangsan |   20 | Xinxiang  | 15578941258 |       1 |
|  2 | tom      |   20 | Xinxiang  | 13778942222 |       1 |
|  3 | jack     |   20 | Zhengzhou | 13675871454 |       1 |
|  4 | john     |   21 | Zhengzhou | 13937681111 |       2 |
|  5 | mark     |   22 | Aanyang   | 13055882233 |       2 |
+----+----------+------+-----------+-------------+---------+

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