Python测试实战
涵盖了客户端与服务端测试
作者本着在实践中学习，在学习中实践的思考模式，将理论知识与实际应用相结合，举出真实的案例，让读者学会举一反三。
在使用PosMan做服务端的自动化测试中，简单的地方在于也是工具，我们可以把测试用例加到一个Collection中，但是随着测试用例越来越多，以及工作的需求，我们需要把PostMan中的测试用例需要迁移到脚本的方式实现，平常的迁移思路是我们在脚本里面把之前的接口测试用例重新实现，这样相对而言它的成本是比较高的，特别是涉及的自动化测试用例特别多的时候。我们可以把Collection里面的测试用例导入出来，它是JSON的文件，然后我们解析这些JSON文件，让它自动的转成Python测试代码，从而轻松的完成这样的一个过程。被测试的API代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python
#!coding:utf-8
from flask import Flask,jsonify
from flask_restful import Api,Resource
app=Flask(__name__)
api=Api(app)
class LoginView(Resource):
def get(self):
return {
'status':0,'msg':'ok','data':'this is a login page'}
def post(self):
parser=reqparse.RequestParser()
parser.add_argument('username', type=str, required=True, help='用户名不能为空')
parser.add_argument('password',type=str,required=True,help='账户密码不能为空')
parser.add_argument('age',type=int,help='年龄必须为正正数')
parser.add_argument('sex',type=str,help='性别只能是男或者女',choices=['女','男'])
args=parser.parse_args()
return jsonify(args)
api.add_resource(LoginView,'/login',endpoint='login')
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run(debug=True)
在PostMan里面创建Collection名称login，里面的接口测试用例具体如下：
在PostMan里面导出该Collection,命名为login.json,login.json文件的内容为：
{
"info": {
"_postman_id": "982a3108-6710-4a71-aaf8-e62a00d1813c",
"name": "login",
"schema": "https://schema.getpostman.com/json/collection/v2.1.0/collection.json"
},
"item": [
{
"name": "校验用户名不能为空",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response": []
},
{
"name": "校验密码不能为空",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response": []
},
{
"name": "校验性别参数不是男或者女",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"asdf\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response": []
},
{
"name": "校验年龄不是正整数",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":\"rrest\"\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response": []
},
{
"name": "校验登录成功",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":\"18\"\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response": []
}
],
"protocolProfileBehavior": {
}
}
本质上而言，它就是一个JSON文件，使用Python文件对它进行反序列化处理成字典数据类型，然后操作字典，这个过程相对来说不难，具体实现的代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python
#!coding:utf-8
import requests
import json
import pytest
def operationJson():
'''对login.json文件进行处理'''
return json.load(open('login.json','r'))['item']
@pytest.mark.parametrize('datas',operationJson())
def test_api_login(datas):
'''登录API的校验测试'''
r=requests.request(
method=datas['request']['method'],
url=datas['request']['url']['raw'],
json=json.loads(datas['request']['body']['raw']))
print(json.dumps(r.json(),ensure_ascii=False))
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(["-s","-v","test_login.py"])
使用Pytest框架的参数化几行代码就可以搞定了，当然断言需要单独的加。这个过程的思路其实非常简单，就是对JSON的文件处理成字典，然后利用Pytest框架的参数化来循环处理。当然可以把JSON文件简单的添加下断言，就更加智能化，添加的内容添加到response的里面内容，对login.json都在里面添加下验证点，完善后的文件内容为：
{
"info": {
"_postman_id": "982a3108-6710-4a71-aaf8-e62a00d1813c",
"name": "login",
"schema": "https://schema.getpostman.com/json/collection/v2.1.0/collection.json"
},
"item": [
{
"name": "校验用户名不能为空",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response":
{
"message": {
"username": "用户名不能为空"
}
}
},
{
"name": "校验密码不能为空",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response":
{
"message": {
"password": "账户密码不能为空"
}
}
},
{
"name": "校验性别参数不是男或者女",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"asdf\",\n\t\"age\":18\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response":
{
"message": {
"sex": "性别只能是男或者女"
}
}
},
{
"name": "校验年龄不是正整数",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":\"rrest\"\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response":
{
"message": {
"age": "年龄必须为正正数"
}
}
},
{
"name": "校验登录成功",
"request": {
"method": "POST",
"header": [
{
"key": "Content-Type",
"name": "Content-Type",
"value": "application/json",
"type": "text"
}
],
"body": {
"mode": "raw",
"raw": "{\n\t\"username\":\"wuya\",\n\t\"password\":\"admin\",\n\t\"sex\":\"男\",\n\t\"age\":\"18\"\n}",
"options": {
"raw": {
"language": "json"
}
}
},
"url": {
"raw": "http://localhost:5000/login",
"protocol": "http",
"host": [
"localhost"
],
"port": "5000",
"path": [
"login"
]
}
},
"response":
{
"age": 18,
"password": "admin",
"sex": "男",
"username": "wuya"
}
}
],
"protocolProfileBehavior": {
}
}
继续完善测试代码，增加接口的断言，完善后的代码如下：
#!/usr/bin/env python
#!coding:utf-8
import requests
import json
import pytest
def operationJson():
'''对login.json文件进行处理'''
return json.load(open('login.json','r'))['item']
@pytest.mark.parametrize('datas',operationJson())
def test_api_login(datas):
'''登录API的校验测试'''
# print(type(datas['response']))
r=requests.request(
method=datas['request']['method'],
url=datas['request']['url']['raw'],
json=json.loads(datas['request']['body']['raw']))
assert r.json()==datas['response']
if __name__ == '__main__':
pytest.main(["-s","-v","test_login.py"])
执行如上的测试代码，见如下图展示的执行结果信息：
依据如上，很轻松的实现了PostMan里面的接口测试用例自动的转成了Python的测试脚本，而且带了断言的信息。
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