操作的表
mysql> select * from emp;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+--------+
其每个字段的字段名分别为员工编号、员工姓名、员工职位、员工上级领导编号、员工雇佣日期，员工薪水、员工津贴、员工部门编号。
mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
其每个字段的字段名分别部门编号、部门名称、位置。
mysql> select * from salgrade;
+-------+-------+-------+
| GRADE | LOSAL | HISAL |
+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 700 | 1200 |
| 2 | 1201 | 1400 |
| 3 | 1401 | 2000 |
| 4 | 2001 | 3000 |
| 5 | 3001 | 9999 |
+-------+-------+-------+
其中每个字段的字段名分别为等级、该等级薪水下限、该等级薪水上限
1.where后面嵌套子查询
什么是子查询？子查询都可以出现在哪里？
select语句当中嵌套select语句，被嵌套的select语句是子查询。
子查询可以出现在哪里？
select
…(select).
from
…(select).
where
…(select).
案例：找出高于平均薪资的员工信息。
select * from emp where sal > avg(sal); //错误的写法，where后面不能直接使用分组函数。
第一步：找出平均薪资
select avg(sal) from emp;
+-------------+
| avg(sal) |
+-------------+
| 2073.214286 |
+-------------+
第二步：where过滤
select * from emp where sal > 2073.214286;
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
第一步和第二步合并：
select * from emp where sal > (select avg(sal) from emp);
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------+
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | NULL | 10 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+-------+-------+-----------+------+------------+---------+------+--------
2.from后面嵌套子查询
案例：找出每个部门平均薪水的等级。
第一步：找出每个部门平均薪水（按照部门编号分组，求sal的平均值）
select deptno,avg(sal) as avgsal from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avgsal |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
第二步：将以上的查询结果当做临时表t，让t表和salgrade s表连接，条件是：t.avgsal between s.losal and s.hisal
SELECT
t.*,s.grade
from
t
JOIN
salgrade s
on
t.avgsal BETWEEN s.LOSAL and s.HISAL;
而t暂时未知，所以我们需要把第一步的查询结果当成表t，改成如下所示
SELECT
t.*,s.grade
from
(select deptno,avg(sal) as avgsal from emp GROUP BY deptno) t
JOIN
salgrade s
on
t.avgsal BETWEEN s.LOSAL and s.HISAL;
+--------+-------------+-------+
| deptno | avgsal | grade |
+--------+-------------+-------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 | 4 |
| 20 | 2175.000000 | 4 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 | 3 |
+--------+-------------+-------+
案例：找出每个部门平均的薪水等级。
第一步：找出每个员工的薪水等级。
select e.deptno,e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.SAL BETWEEN s.LOSAL and s.HISAL
+--------+--------+---------+-------+
| deptno | ename | sal | grade |
+--------+--------+---------+-------+
| 20 | SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| 30 | ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| 30 | WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| 20 | JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| 30 | MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| 30 | BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| 10 | CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| 20 | SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| 10 | KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| 30 | TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| 20 | ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| 30 | JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| 20 | FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| 10 | MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+--------+---------+-------+
第二步：基于以上结果，继续按照deptno分组，求grade平均值。
select
t.deptno,avg(t.grade)
from
(select e.deptno,e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e join salgrade s on e.SAL BETWEEN s.LOSAL and s.HISAL) t
group BY
t.deptno;
3.select后面嵌套子查询
案例：找出每个员工所在的部门名称，要求显示员工名和部门名。
select
e.ename,d.dname
from
emp e
join
dept d
on
e.deptno = d.deptno;
select
e.ename,(select d.dname from dept d where e.deptno = d.deptno) as dname
from
emp e;
+--------+------------+
| ename | dname |
+--------+------------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
| ALLEN | SALES |
| WARD | SALES |
| JONES | RESEARCH |
| MARTIN | SALES |
| BLAKE | SALES |
| CLARK | ACCOUNTING |
| SCOTT | RESEARCH |
| KING | ACCOUNTING |
| TURNER | SALES |
| ADAMS | RESEARCH |
| JAMES | SALES |
| FORD | RESEARCH |
| MILLER | ACCOUNTING |
+--------+------------+
4.union的用法
union （可以将查询结果集相加）
案例：找出工作岗位是SALESMAN和MANAGER的员工？
第一种：select ename,job from emp where job = ‘MANAGER’ or job = ‘SALESMAN’;
第二种：select ename,job from emp where job in(‘MANAGER’,‘SALESMAN’);
第三种：
select ename,job from emp where job=‘MANAGER’
UNION
select ename,job from emp where job=‘SALESMAN’;
+--------+----------+
| ename | job |
+--------+----------+
| ALLEN | SALESMAN |
| WARD | SALESMAN |
| JONES | MANAGER |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN |
| BLAKE | MANAGER |
| CLARK | MANAGER |
| TURNER | SALESMAN |
+--------+----------+
两张不相干的表中的数据拼接在一起显示？
select ename from emp
union
select dname from dept;
第一个查询结果得数量要和第二个查询结果得列数一致
mysql> select ename,sal from emp
-> union
-> select dname from dept;
ERROR 1222 (21000): The used SELECT statements have a different number of columns
5.limit以及通用分页SQL
limit (重点中的重点，以后分页查询全靠它了。)
limit是mysql特有的，其他数据库中没有，不通用。（Oracle中有一个相同的机制，叫做rownum）
limit取结果集中的部分数据，这是它的作用。
语法机制：
limit startIndex, length
startIndex表示起始位置，从0开始，0表示第一条数据。
length表示取几个
案例：取出工资前5名的员工（思路：降序取前5个）
select ename,sal from emp ORDER BY sal desc limit 0,5
select ename,sal from emp ORDER BY sal desc limit 5（取前5个）
limit是sql语句最后执行的一个环节：
select 5
...
from 1
...
where 2
...
group by 3
...
having 4
...
order by 6
...
limit 7
案例：找出工资排名在第4到第9名的员工？
+---------+
| sal |
+---------+
| 2975.00 |
| 2850.00 |
| 2450.00 |
| 1600.00 |
| 1500.00 |
| 1300.00 |
+---------+
通用的标准分页sql？
每页显示3条记录：
第1页：0, 3
第2页：3, 3
第3页：6, 3
第4页：9, 3
第5页：12, 3
每页显示pageSize条记录：
第pageNo页：(pageNo - 1) * pageSize, pageSize
pageSize是什么？是每页显示多少条记录
pageNo是什么？显示第几页
java代码{
int pageNo = 2; // 页码是2
int pageSize = 10; // 每页显示10条
limit (pageNo - 1) * pageSize, pageSize
}