背景/需求：
在一台服务器上通过源码编译安装一个版本为5.5以上的MySQL数据库；
将所有配置文件与数据等均存放在/opt/mysql，便于今后实现快速迁移、整体备份和快速复制；
在同一个MySQL中运行两个实例，一个绑定在端口3306，另一个绑定在端口3307；
绑定在3306端口的实例，不开启binlog，数据存放在/opt/mysql/data；
绑定在3307端口的实例，开启binlog，数据存放在/opt/mysql/data2；
两个实例均采用InnoDB作为默认的存储引擎，字符编码采用UTF-8；
两个实例均采用相同的性能优化配置参数；
实践/方案：
在编译安装时，将数据库的配置文件my.cnf以及data目录等均指向到/opt/mysql目录；
通过mysqld_multi的方式来管理两个不同的实例，采用相同的配置文件共享性能优化配置参数；
在同一个配置文件中，利用[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]标签实现不同实例的差异化配置；
配置步骤：
一、编译安装MySQL
1.安装cmake
MySQL从5.5版本开始，通过./configure进行编译配置方式已经被取消，取而代之的是cmake工具。
因此，我们首先要在系统中源码编译安装cmake工具。
# wget http://www.cmake.org/files/v2.8/cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz
# tar zxvf cmake-2.8.4.tar.gz
# cd cmake-2.8.4
# ./configure
# make
# make install
2.确保以下所需系统软件包已经被安装
通过 rpm -qa | grep name 的方式验证以下软件包是否已全部安装。
gcc* gcc-c++* autoconf* automake* zlib* libxml* ncurses-devel* libgcrypt* libtool*
如果缺少相关的软件包，可通过yum -y install 的方式在线安装，或直接从系统安装光盘中找到并通过rpm -ivh 的方式安装。
3. 安装前的系统设置
建立mysql安装目录及数据存放目录
# mkdir /opt/mysql
# mkdir /opt/mysql/data
创建用户和用户组
# groupadd mysql
# useradd -g mysql mysql
赋予数据存放目录权限
# chown mysql:mysql -R /opt/mysql/data
4.开始编译安装 MySQL
通过http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql官方网址或国内的sohu镜像下载软件包，如目前最新的MySQL 5.5.20。
# wget http://mirrors.sohu.com/mysql/MySQL-5.5/mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz
# tar zxvf mysql-5.5.20.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.5.20
# cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql \
-DSYSCONFDIR=/opt/mysql/etc \
-DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql/data \
-DMYSQL_TCP_PORT=3306 \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/tmp/mysqld.sock \
-DMYSQL_USER=mysql \
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 \
-DWITH_SSL=system \
-DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \
-DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1
# make
# make install
在make与make install的时候可以看到进度百分比，感觉这一点要比configure方式要好。
二、创建支持多实例的配置文件
进入MySQL主目录
# cd /opt/mysql/
删除默认的data目录
# rm -rf data
创建需要的目录
# mkdir etc tmp run log binlogs data data2
# chown -R mysql:mysql tmp run log binlogs data data2
创建my.cnf配置文件
# vim etc/my.cnf
001 |
## This server may run 2+ separate instances |
002 |
## So we use mysqld_multi to manage their services |
003 |
[mysqld_multi] |
004 |
mysqld = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe |
005 |
mysqladmin = /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin |
006 |
log = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld_multi.log |
007 |
user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin |
008 |
#password = |
009 |
010 |
## This is the general purpose database |
011 |
## The locations are default |
012 |
# They are left in [mysqld] in case the server is started normally instead of by mysqld_multi |
013 |
[mysqld1] |
014 |
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock |
015 |
port = 3306 |
016 |
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid |
017 |
datadir = /opt/mysql/data |
018 |
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english |
019 |
020 |
## These support master - master replication |
021 |
#auto-increment-increment = 4 |
022 |
#auto-increment-offset = 1 ## Since it is master 1 |
023 |
#log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1 |
024 |
#log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld1.index |
025 |
#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave |
026 |
#max_binlog_size = 1024M |
027 |
028 |
## This is exlusively for mysqld2 |
029 |
## It is on 3307 with data directory /opt/mysqld/data2 |
030 |
[mysqld2] |
031 |
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock2 |
032 |
port = 3307 |
033 |
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid2 |
034 |
datadir = /opt/mysql/data2 |
035 |
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english |
036 |
037 |
## Disable DNS lookups |
038 |
#skip-name-resolve |
039 |
040 |
## These support master - slave replication |
041 |
log-bin = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2 |
042 |
log-bin-index = /opt/mysql/binlogs/bin-log-mysqld2.index |
043 |
#binlog-do-db = ## Leave this blank if you want to control it on slave |
044 |
max_binlog_size = 1024M |
045 |
046 |
## Relay log settings |
047 |
#relay-log = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2 |
048 |
#relay-log-index = /opt/mysql/log/relay-log-mysqld2.index |
049 |
#relay-log-space-limit = 4G |
050 |
051 |
## Slow query log settings |
052 |
#log-slow-queries = /opt/mysql/log/slow-log-mysqld2 |
053 |
#long_query_time = 2 |
054 |
#log-queries-not-using-indexes |
055 |
056 |
## The rest of the my.cnf is shared |
057 |
## Here follows entries for some specific programs |
058 |
## The MySQL server |
059 |
[mysqld] |
060 |
basedir = /opt/mysql |
061 |
tmpdir = /opt/mysql/tmp |
062 |
socket = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.sock |
063 |
port = 3306 |
064 |
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid |
065 |
datadir = /opt/mysql/data |
066 |
lc-messages-dir = /opt/mysql/share/english |
067 |
068 |
skip-external-locking |
069 |
key_buffer_size = 16K |
070 |
max_allowed_packet = 1M |
071 |
table_open_cache = 4 |
072 |
sort_buffer_size = 64K |
073 |
read_buffer_size = 256K |
074 |
read_rnd_buffer_size = 256K |
075 |
net_buffer_length = 2K |
076 |
thread_stack = 128K |
077 |
078 |
## Increase the max connections |
079 |
max_connections = 200 |
080 |
081 |
## The expiration time for logs, including binlogs |
082 |
expire_logs_days = 14 |
083 |
084 |
## Set the character as utf8 |
085 |
character-set-server = utf8 |
086 |
collation-server = utf8_unicode_ci |
087 |
088 |
## This is usually only needed when setting up chained replication |
089 |
#log-slave-updates |
090 |
091 |
## Enable this to make replication more resilient against server crashes and restarts |
092 |
## but can cause higher I/O on the server |
093 |
#sync_binlog = 1 |
094 |
095 |
## The server id, should be unique in same network |
096 |
server-id = 1 |
097 |
098 |
## Set this to force MySQL to use a particular engine/table-type for new tables |
099 |
## This setting can still be overridden by specifying the engine explicitly |
100 |
## in the CREATE TABLE statement |
101 |
default-storage-engine = INNODB |
102 |
103 |
## Uncomment the following if you are using InnoDB tables |
104 |
#innodb_data_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data |
105 |
#innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend |
106 |
#innodb_log_group_home_dir = /opt/mysql/data |
107 |
## You can set .._buffer_pool_size up to 50 - 80 % of RAM |
108 |
## but beware of setting memory usage too high |
109 |
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16M |
110 |
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 2M |
111 |
## Set .._log_file_size to 25 % of buffer pool size |
112 |
innodb_log_file_size = 5M |
113 |
innodb_log_buffer_size = 8M |
114 |
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 1 |
115 |
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 50 |
116 |
117 |
[mysqldump] |
118 |
quick |
119 |
max_allowed_packet = 16M |
120 |
121 |
[mysql] |
122 |
no-auto-rehash |
123 |
124 |
[myisamchk] |
125 |
key_buffer_size = 8M |
126 |
sort_buffer_size = 8M |
127 |
128 |
[mysqlhotcopy] |
129 |
interactive-timeout |
130 |
131 |
[mysql.server] |
132 |
user = mysql |
133 |
134 |
[mysqld_safe] |
135 |
log-error = /opt/mysql/log/mysqld.log |
136 |
pid-file = /opt/mysql/run/mysqld.pid |
137 |
open-files-limit = 8192 |
138 |
139 |
[client] |
140 |
default-character-set = utf8 |
修改my.cnf读写权限，避免普通用户获取到MySQL密码
# chown -R root:root /opt/mysql/etc
# chmod 600 /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf
三、初始化数据库
切换到mysql用户
# su - mysql
进入MySQL主目录
# cd /opt/mysql/
初始化实例[mysqld1]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data/
初始化实例[mysqld2]
# scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --user=mysql --datadir=/opt/mysql/data2/
返回到root
# exit
创建mysqld_multi.server脚本
# cp support-files/mysqld_multi.server /opt/mysql/init.d/
# vim /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server
01 |
#!/bin/sh |
02 |
# |
03 |
# A simple startup script for mysqld_multi by Tim Smith and Jani Tolonen. |
04 |
# This script assumes that my.cnf file exists either in /etc/my.cnf or |
05 |
# /root/.my.cnf and has groups [mysqld_multi] and [mysqldN]. See the |
06 |
# mysqld_multi documentation for detailed instructions. |
07 |
# |
08 |
# This script can be used as /etc/init.d/mysql.server |
09 |
# |
10 |
# Comments to support chkconfig on RedHat Linux |
11 |
# chkconfig: 2345 64 36 |
12 |
# description: A very fast and reliable SQL database engine. |
13 |
# |
14 |
# Version 1.0 |
15 |
# |
16 |
basedir=/opt/mysql |
17 |
bindir=/opt/mysql/bin |
18 |
19 |
conf=/opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf |
20 |
export PATH=$PATH:$bindir |
21 |
22 |
if test -x $bindir/mysqld_multi |
23 |
then |
24 |
mysqld_multi="$bindir/mysqld_multi"; |
25 |
else |
26 |
echo "Can't execute $bindir/mysqld_multi from dir $basedir"; |
27 |
exit; |
28 |
fi |
29 |
30 |
case "$1" in |
31 |
'start' ) |
32 |
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 |
33 |
;; |
34 |
'stop' ) |
35 |
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 |
36 |
;; |
37 |
'report' ) |
38 |
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf report $2 |
39 |
;; |
40 |
'restart' ) |
41 |
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf stop $2 |
42 |
"$mysqld_multi" --defaults-extra-file=$conf start $2 |
43 |
;; |
44 |
*) |
45 |
echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|report|restart}" >&2 |
46 |
;; |
47 |
esac |
四、整体备份MySQL
# cd /opt/
# tar czvf mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz mysql/
备份完成后，直接将mysql_5.5.20_full.tar.gz拿到其他服务器上，解压后便可以直接启用。
五、管理MySQL实例
同时 启动/关闭 实例 [mysqld1] 与 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1,2
然后，可以看到两个MySQL实例都已经成功的启动了。
# netstat -lntp | grep mysqld
1 |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2850/mysqld |
2 |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2946/mysqld |
同时 关闭 实例 [mysqld1] 与 [mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1,2
仅 启动/关闭 实例[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server start 1
# /opt/mysql/init.d/mysqld_multi.server stop 1
六、登陆MySQL实例
在启动了实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]后，通过以下方式登陆不同的实例：
登陆[mysqld1]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 -p
登陆[mysqld2]：
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 -p
七、其他初始化设置
1. 为MySQL的root帐户设置初始密码
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3306 password 'new-password'
# /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h127.0.0.1 -P3307 password 'new-password'
2. 修改my.cnf配置文件中MySQL的root账户密码
# vim /opt/mysql/etc/my.cnf
1 |
user = root ## Used for stopping the server via mysqladmin |
2 |
password = new-password |
3. 删除匿名连接的空密码帐号
分别登陆实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]，执行以下命令：
mysql>use mysql; //选择系统数据库mysql
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //查看所有用户
mysql>delete from user where password="";
mysql>flush privileges; //刷新权限
mysql>select Host,User,Password from user; //确认密码为空的用户是否已全部删除
mysql>exit;
八、经验总结
1.采用源码编译安装MySQL，可能在第一次会花费较多的时间，但却是非常值得的，因为我们可以自己组织所有MySQL相关文件的位置；并且经过源码编译安装后的MySQL，可以直接复制到其它服务器上运行，大大方便了我们今后的迁移、备份和新服务器的配置；
2.本文中仅仅用了两个实例[mysqld1]与[mysqld2]来举例，实际上我们可以通过这样的方式，实现[mysqld3],[mysqld4],[mysqld5]...等更多的实例；
3.MySQL自带了几个不同的配置文件，放置在/opt/mysql/support-files目录下，分别是my-huge.cnf,my- innodb-heavy-4G.cnf,my-large.cnf,my-medium.cnf,my-small.cnf，通过名称我们可以很直观的 了解到他们是针对不同的服务器配置的，本文中仅有的一点关于InnoDB的配置，是取自于my-small.cnf的，因为我是在虚拟机上进行的设置；在 生产环境中，我们可以通过参考my-huge.cnf或my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf中的部分参数配置，来对服务器进行优化；
4.关于MySQL缓存参数的优化，主要用于提升I/O能力，可以参考这里：http://heylinux.com/archives/1389.html
5.在单机运行多实例的情况下，切忌使用 mysql -hlocalhost 或 直接忽略-h参数 登陆服务器，这应该算是MySQL的一个bug，就是如果使用localhost或忽略-h参数，而不是指定127.0.0.1的话，即使选择的端口是 3307，还是会登陆到3306中去，因此应尽量避免这种混乱的产生，统一用127.0.0.1绑定端口 或 采用socket 来登陆；