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前言
CS50x 是哈佛大学推出的一门知名公开课,本课程是一门计算机科学的导论课程,适合于对计算机科学感兴趣的任何人学习,不需要任何基础。通过学习本课程有助于对计算机科学的体系建立一个基本的概念,其学习内容如下:
Runoff
上篇文章我们总结了 Runoff 投票机制,大概需要以下步骤:
- 读取候选人信息
- 得到未淘汰的候选人的票数,总结为偏好数组
- 判断是否有胜者产生
- 找到最小值
- 判断是否为平局
- 淘汰票数最少的候选人
#include <cs50.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
// 选民和候选人最大值
#define MAX_VOTERS 100
#define MAX_CANDIDATES 9
// 偏好数组
int preferences[MAX_VOTERS][MAX_CANDIDATES];
typedef struct
{
string name;
int votes;
bool eliminated;
} candidate;
candidate candidates[MAX_CANDIDATES];
// Numbers of voters and candidates
int voter_count;
int candidate_count;
// Function prototypes
bool vote(int voter, int rank, string name);
void tabulate(void);
bool print_winner(void);
int find_min(void);
bool is_tie(int min);
void eliminate(int min);
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其中着重要注意的就是偏好数组,preference[i][j]
代表第 i 个选民的第 j 个喜欢。
我们可以根据过程写出 main 函数,首先获取用户输入:
int main(int argc, string argv[])
{
// Check for invalid usage
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Usage: runoff [candidate ...]\n");
return 1;
}
// Populate array of candidates
candidate_count = argc - 1;
if (candidate_count > MAX_CANDIDATES)
{
printf("Maximum number of candidates is %i\n", MAX_CANDIDATES);
return 2;
}
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
candidates[i].name = argv[i + 1];
candidates[i].votes = 0;
candidates[i].eliminated = false;
}
voter_count = get_int("Number of voters: ");
if (voter_count > MAX_VOTERS)
{
printf("Maximum number of voters is %i\n", MAX_VOTERS);
return 3;
}
// Keep querying for votes
for (int i = 0; i < voter_count; i++)
{
// Query for each rank
for (int j = 0; j < candidate_count; j++)
{
string name = get_string("Rank %i: ", j + 1);
// Record vote, unless it's invalid
if (!vote(i, j, name))
{
printf("Invalid vote.\n");
return 4;
}
}
printf("\n");
}
...
}
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然后写出主要部分:
// 循环直到赢家产生
while (true)
{
// 计算剩余候选人的票数
tabulate();
// 检查是否有人胜利
bool won = print_winner();
if (won)
{
break;
}
// 找到票数最少的候选人,同时判断是否平局
int min = find_min();
bool tie = is_tie(min);
// 如果平局,剩下的所有人都赢了
if (tie)
{
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (!candidates[i].eliminated)
{
printf("%s\n", candidates[i].name);
}
}
break;
}
// 淘汰票数最少的候选人
eliminate(min);
// 重复该过程
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
candidates[i].votes = 0;
}
}
return 0;
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分别实现其中的函数部分,首先是 vote
函数,我们只需要检查候选人是否存在即可:
// Record preference if vote is valid
bool vote(int voter, int rank, string name)
{
// TODO
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (strcmp(candidates[i].name, name) == 0)
{
preferences[voter][rank] = i;
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
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然后是最重要的制表环节,我们需要根据每一个选民的偏好数组找到还未被淘汰的候选人,为其加上一票:
// Tabulate votes for non-eliminated candidates
void tabulate(void)
{
// TODO
for (int i = 0; i < voter_count; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < candidate_count; j++)
{
if (!candidates[preferences[i][j]].eliminated)
{
candidates[preferences[i][j]].votes++;
break;
}
}
}
return;
}
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检查是否有赢家产生,得到超过50%的票数:
// Print the winner of the election, if there is one
bool print_winner(void)
{
// TODO
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes > voter_count / 2)
{
printf("%s\n", candidates[i].name);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
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找到得票最少的候选人:
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// Return the minimum number of votes any remaining candidate has
int find_min(void)
{
// TODO
int min = voter_count;
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes < min && !candidates[i].eliminated)
{
min = candidates[i].votes;
}
}
return min;
}
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判断是否平局:
// Return true if the election is tied between all candidates, false otherwise
bool is_tie(int min)
{
// TODO
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes != min && !candidates[i].eliminated)
{
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
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淘汰得票最少的候选人:
// Eliminate the candidate (or candidates) in last place
void eliminate(int min)
{
// TODO
for (int i = 0; i < candidate_count; i++)
{
if (candidates[i].votes == min && !candidates[i].eliminated)
{
candidates[i].eliminated = true;
}
}
return;
}
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测试样例
./runoff Alice Bob Charlie
Number of voters: 5
Rank 1: Alice
Rank 2: Charlie
Rank 3: Bob
Rank 1: Alice
Rank 2: Charlie
Rank 3: Bob
Rank 1: Bob
Rank 2: Charlie
Rank 3: Alice
Rank 1: Bob
Rank 2: Charlie
Rank 3: Alice
Rank 1: Charlie
Rank 2: Alice
Rank 3: Bob
Alice
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