【PostgreSQL】从零开始:（九）PostgreSQL-SQL语句操作数据库

其他 2023-12-16 17:29:33 阅读次数: 0

数据库实例与数据库

Oracle中数据库实例与数据库是一对一的关系

PostgreSQL和MySQL中一个数据库实例对应多个数据库

数据库的相关操作

创建数据库

命令
CREATE DATABASE name
    [ WITH ] [ OWNER [=] user_name ]
           [ TEMPLATE [=] template ]
           [ ENCODING [=] encoding ]
           [ STRATEGY [=] strategy ] ]
           [ LOCALE [=] locale ]
           [ LC_COLLATE [=] lc_collate ]
           [ LC_CTYPE [=] lc_ctype ]
           [ ICU_LOCALE [=] icu_locale ]
           [ ICU_RULES [=] icu_rules ]
           [ LOCALE_PROVIDER [=] locale_provider ]
           [ COLLATION_VERSION = collation_version ]
           [ TABLESPACE [=] tablespace_name ]
           [ ALLOW_CONNECTIONS [=] allowconn ]
           [ CONNECTION LIMIT [=] connlimit ]
           [ IS_TEMPLATE [=] istemplate ]
           [ OID [=] oid ]
 参数
参数 中文解释
OWNER 给创建的数据库分配一个角色，这将是数据库的所有者。如果你省略了OWNER选项，数据库的所有者是执行CREATE DATABASE时的角色。
TEMPLATE 默认情况下，PostgreSQL使用template指定从中创建新数据库的模板数据库。如果未明确指定模板数据库，则将默认数据库作为模板数据库.默认tempate1
ENCODING  确定新数据库中的字符集编码。默认语言与系统语言一致
LOCALE  设置新数据库中的默认排序规则顺序和字符分类。排序规则影响应用于字符串的排序顺序，例如，在使用order BY的查询中，以及在文本列的索引中使用的顺序。字符分类会影响字符的分类，例如低位、高位和数字。还设置操作系统环境的相关方面LC_COLLATE和LC_CTYPE。默认设置与模板数据库的设置相同。
LC_COLLATE 指定排序规则顺序 (LC_COLLATE)，新数据库将使用该排序规则。此参数影响的排序顺序字符串查询包含Order By模板数据库。
LC_CTYPE 指定新数据库将使用的字符分类。 它影响字符的分类，例如大写, 小写, 和数字. 它默认为模板数据库的LC_CTYPE
TABLESPACE 指定新数据库TABLESPACE的名称。默认值为模板数据库的表空间。默认表空间pg_default
CONNECTION LIMIT 指定到新数据库的最大并发连接。默认值为-1，即无限制。此参数在共享托管环境中非常有用，我们可以在其中配置特定数据库的最大并发连接。
ALLOW_CONNECTIONS 参数allow_connections的数据类型是布尔值。如果是false,我们无法连接到数据库。
IS_TEMPLATE 如果IS_TEMPLATE是真的，任何角色的CREATE DATABASE都可以克隆它。如果为false，则只有超级用户或数据库所有者可以克隆它。
ICU_Locale 此数据库的 ICU 排序规则，如果在初始化时指定了 ICU，则此字段会显示对应的规则。ICU 是一种提供强大本地化支持的库，包括复杂的排序规则和文本处理功能。
ICU_RULES 指定附加排序规则以自定义此数据库的默认排序规则的行为。
LOCALE_PROVIDER 指定用于此数据库中默认排序规则的提供程序。可能的值是 icu（如果服务器是使用 ICU 支持构建的）或 libc。默认情况下，提供者与模板的提供者相同。
COLLATION_VERSION 指定与数据库一起存储的排序规则版本字符串。通常，应省略此项，这将导致根据操作系统提供的数据库排序规则的实际版本来计算版本。该选项旨在由 pg_upgrade 用于从现有安装复制版本。
例子
1.创建ci_database_test01
postgres=# create database ci_database_test01;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |          |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |          |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(5 rows)

postgres=#

创建的数据库ci_database_test01，所有者为postgres，字符集为UTF8，排序规则和语言符号及其分类为zh_CN.UTF-8

2.创建ci_database_test02，指定字符集为EUC_TW
postgres=# create database ci_database_test02 WITH ENCODING 'EUC_TW' LC_CTYPE="C" LC_COLLATE="C" TEMPLATE=template0;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |  Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |          |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |          |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(6 rows)

postgres=#

衍生问题：

(1).为什么LC_CTYPE，LC_COLLATE设置为C？

答：设置为 C 是为了去除所有本地化的设置

(2).为什么一定要设置TEMPLATE=template0

答：使用 template1 模板库建库时不可指定新的 encoding 和 locale，而 template0 可以

(3).template1 和 template0 的区别？

答：1.template1 可以连接并创建对象，template0 不可以连接

postgres=# \c template1
You are now connected to database "template1" as user "postgres".
template1=# create table tmp_1( id int4);
CREATE TABLE
template1=# \c template0
FATAL: database "template0" is not currently accepting connections
Previous connection kept

template1 可以创建对像，被称为非干净数据库，而 template0被称为干净的数据库。

(4).根据需要创建符合自己编码方式的数据库

再/etc/profile 文件里加入：

扫描二维码关注公众号，回复： 17132345 查看本文章 
export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
export LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
export LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8

再执行

CREATE DATABASE ci_database_test03
WITH
ENCODING = 'UTF8'
LC_COLLATE = 'en_US.utf8'
LC_CTYPE = 'en_US.utf8'
TABLESPACE = pg_default
template = template0
CONNECTION LIMIT = -1;
3.创建一个所有者(属主)为circledba用户的数据库ci_database_test04
postgres=# create user circledba with password '12345678ab';
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# create database ci_database_test03 WITH OWNER 'circledba';
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(7 rows)

postgres=#
4.创建表空间为pg_circle的数据库ci_database_test05
mkdir -p /data/16.1/tablespace/dba_circle
chown -R postgres:postgres /data/16.1/tablespace/dba_circle
chmod -R 700 /data/16.1/tablespace/dba_circle

postgres=# create tablespace dba_circle location '/data/16.1/tablespace/dba_circle';
CREATE TABLESPACE
postgres=# create database ci_database_test05 WITH TABLESPACE 'dba_circle';
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# \l+
                                                                                              List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description                 
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7561 kB | pg_default | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           |                       | 7481 kB | pg_default | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7561 kB | pg_default | 
 ci_database_test05 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7561 kB | dba_circle | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7724 kB | pg_default | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7636 kB | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +| 7481 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            | 
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +| 7716 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            | 
(8 rows)

postgres=#
 

修改数据库

命令：
Command:     ALTER DATABASE
Description: change a database
Syntax:
ALTER DATABASE name [ [ WITH ] option [ ... ] ]

where option can be:

    ALLOW_CONNECTIONS allowconn
    CONNECTION LIMIT connlimit
    IS_TEMPLATE istemplate

ALTER DATABASE name RENAME TO new_name

ALTER DATABASE name OWNER TO { new_owner | CURRENT_ROLE | CURRENT_USER | SESSION_USER }

ALTER DATABASE name SET TABLESPACE new_tablespace

ALTER DATABASE name REFRESH COLLATION VERSION

ALTER DATABASE name SET configuration_parameter { TO | = } { value | DEFAULT }
ALTER DATABASE name SET configuration_parameter FROM CURRENT
ALTER DATABASE name RESET configuration_parameter
ALTER DATABASE name RESET ALL

URL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-alterdatabase.html
例子
1.修改数据库名称
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test05 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test06 | circledba | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(9 rows)

postgres=# alter database ci_database_test06 rename to ci_database_test04;
ALTER DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test04 | circledba | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test05 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(9 rows)

postgres=#
2.修改数据库所属用户
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test04 | circledba | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test05 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(9 rows)

postgres=# alter database ci_database_test05 owner to circledba;
ALTER DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test04 | circledba | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test05 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(9 rows)

postgres=#

删除数据库

命令
DROP DATABASE [ IF EXISTS ] name [ [ WITH ] ( option [, ...] ) ]

where option can be:

    FORCE

URL: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/16/sql-dropdatabase.html
示例
1.删除ci_database_test05数据库
postgres=# DROP DATABASE ci_database_test05;
DROP DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test04 | circledba | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(8 rows)

postgres=#
2.强制删除ci_database_test04数据库

强制删除，意思是如果数据有进程在链接该数据普通删除是无法删掉的，需要加 FORCE命令

FORCE命令:如果当前用户无权终止其他连接，则此操作将会失败。所需权限与 pg_terminate_backend 相同

postgres=# DROP DATABASE ci_database_test04 WITH (FORCE);
DROP DATABASE
postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(7 rows)

postgres=#

查看数据库

\l命令

postgres=# \l
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(7 rows)

postgres=#

\l+ 命令

postgres=# \l+
                                                                                              List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   |  Size   | Tablespace |                Description                 
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------+---------+------------+--------------------------------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7561 kB | pg_default | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           |                       | 7481 kB | pg_default | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7561 kB | pg_default | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7724 kB | pg_default | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           |                       | 7636 kB | pg_default | default administrative connection database
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +| 7481 kB | pg_default | unmodifiable empty database
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            | 
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +| 7716 kB | pg_default | default template for new databases
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres |         |            | 
(7 rows)

postgres=#

 \list命令

postgres=# \list
                                                            List of databases
        Name        |   Owner   | Encoding | Locale Provider |   Collate   |    Ctype    | ICU Locale | ICU Rules |   Access privileges   
--------------------+-----------+----------+-----------------+-------------+-------------+------------+-----------+-----------------------
 ci_database_test01 | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 ci_database_test02 | postgres  | EUC_TW   | libc            | C           | C           |            |           | 
 ci_database_test03 | circledba | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 circledba_test     | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 postgres           | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | 
 template0          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
 template1          | postgres  | UTF8     | libc            | zh_CN.UTF-8 | zh_CN.UTF-8 |            |           | =c/postgres          +
                    |           |          |                 |             |             |            |           | postgres=CTc/postgres
(7 rows)

postgres=#

select 命令 

postgres=# SELECT datname FROM pg_database;
      datname       
--------------------
 postgres
 circledba_test
 template1
 template0
 ci_database_test01
 ci_database_test02
 ci_database_test03
(7 rows)

postgres=#

PostgreSQL字符集参考表

Name Description Language Server? ICU? Bytes/Char Aliases
BIG5 Big Five Traditional Chinese No No 1-2 WIN950, Windows950
EUC_CN Extended UNIX Code-CN Simplified Chinese Yes Yes 1-3
EUC_JP Extended UNIX Code-JP Japanese Yes Yes 1-3
EUC_JIS_2004 Extended UNIX Code-JP, JIS X 0213 Japanese Yes No 1-3
EUC_KR Extended UNIX Code-KR Korean Yes Yes 1-3
EUC_TW Extended UNIX Code-TW Traditional Chinese, Taiwanese Yes Yes 1-3
GB18030 National Standard Chinese No No 1-4
GBK Extended National Standard Simplified Chinese No No 1-2 WIN936, Windows936
ISO_8859_5 ISO 8859-5, ECMA 113 Latin/Cyrillic Yes Yes 1
ISO_8859_6 ISO 8859-6, ECMA 114 Latin/Arabic Yes Yes 1
ISO_8859_7 ISO 8859-7, ECMA 118 Latin/Greek Yes Yes 1
ISO_8859_8 ISO 8859-8, ECMA 121 Latin/Hebrew Yes Yes 1
JOHAB JOHAB Korean (Hangul) No No 1-3
KOI8R KOI8-R Cyrillic (Russian) Yes Yes 1 KOI8
KOI8U KOI8-U Cyrillic (Ukrainian) Yes Yes 1
LATIN1 ISO 8859-1, ECMA 94 Western European Yes Yes 1 ISO88591
LATIN2 ISO 8859-2, ECMA 94 Central European Yes Yes 1 ISO88592
LATIN3 ISO 8859-3, ECMA 94 South European Yes Yes 1 ISO88593
LATIN4 ISO 8859-4, ECMA 94 North European Yes Yes 1 ISO88594
LATIN5 ISO 8859-9, ECMA 128 Turkish Yes Yes 1 ISO88599
LATIN6 ISO 8859-10, ECMA 144 Nordic Yes Yes 1 ISO885910
LATIN7 ISO 8859-13 Baltic Yes Yes 1 ISO885913
LATIN8 ISO 8859-14 Celtic Yes Yes 1 ISO885914
LATIN9 ISO 8859-15 LATIN1 with Euro and accents Yes Yes 1 ISO885915
LATIN10 ISO 8859-16, ASRO SR 14111 Romanian Yes No 1 ISO885916
MULE_INTERNAL Mule internal code Multilingual Emacs Yes No 1-4
SJIS Shift JIS Japanese No No 1-2 Mskanji, ShiftJIS, WIN932, Windows932
SHIFT_JIS_2004 Shift JIS, JIS X 0213 Japanese No No 1-2
SQL_ASCII unspecified (see text) any Yes No 1
UHC Unified Hangul Code Korean No No 1-2 WIN949, Windows949
UTF8 Unicode, 8-bit all Yes Yes 1-4 Unicode
WIN866 Windows CP866 Cyrillic Yes Yes 1 ALT
WIN874 Windows CP874 Thai Yes No 1
WIN1250 Windows CP1250 Central European Yes Yes 1
WIN1251 Windows CP1251 Cyrillic Yes Yes 1 WIN
WIN1252 Windows CP1252 Western European Yes Yes 1
WIN1253 Windows CP1253 Greek Yes Yes 1
WIN1254 Windows CP1254 Turkish Yes Yes 1
WIN1255 Windows CP1255 Hebrew Yes Yes 1
WIN1256 Windows CP1256 Arabic Yes Yes 1
WIN1257 Windows CP1257 Baltic Yes Yes 1
WIN1258 Windows CP1258 Vietnamese Yes Yes 1 ABC, TCVN, TCVN5712, VSCII

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