string模拟实现

我们要自己开一个命名空间,以便与库中string做区分

要利用C语言中的字符串函数模拟实现string

构造函数

无参初始化不能将对象直接置为nullptr,要给一个'\0'

"" 空字符串 自带一个\0

" " 带有一个空格的字符串

'\0' 字符

"\0' 字符串 有两个\0

常量字符串默认第一个\0

初始化要注意类型匹配

析构函数

c_str

返回数据

c_size

返回数据个数

operator[ ](0.45)

两个版本

当两个都存在时,编译器会走最匹配的那一个

iterator(迭代器)(0.50)

两种形式

写成内部类或者typedef(指针),在string中iterator就是指针

begin第一个数据的位置,end最后一个数据的下一个位置

范围for

实现了迭代器就实现了范围for

编译器会盲目地把它替换成范围for,因此实现不能随意更改名字

1.05

push_back(尾插)

append

reverse反转

reserve 保留,扩容

operator+=

insert(2.00)

在一个运算符两边,当两个操作数不是同一个类型时,会发生类型提升,通常是范围小的向范围大的提升

类型范围小的与类型范围大的做比较时,会进行隐式类型转换,小转向大的

从第0个位置插入

传参时会不会发生类型提升

erase(2.19)

find

strstr碰到'\0'会不会终止,

substr(提取子串)

ostream(流插入)<<

防拷贝

有多少打多少,而不是遇到\0就终止

string是遇到_sz终止,而不是\0

istream>>(流提取)

比较大小

结束的\0不应该参与比较,大的那个是汉字就不行

写一个比较,就能引用所有比较

赋值拷贝

传统写法

现代写法

自定义类型不能用swap

引用计数和写时拷贝

浅拷贝两大问题

1.多次析构(引用计数)

2.一个改变影响另外的对象改变(写的时候引用计数如果不是1,则进行深拷贝,再修改)

引用对象代表有几个对象指向同一快空间,解决析构问题,先--,再判断,当引用计数为0时,表示已经没有人管理这块空间,那么将该空间释放。

最后一个走的人关灯。

 Linux下就运用了这个技术

 vscode2019下,就没有使用这种技术

vs弄了一个buf数组,有16个字节,能存储15个字符,还有一个给'\0'.

当然,字符串过大的时候会存在空间浪费,它是不会分开存的

size_t,32位下,4字节  64位下,8字节

string模拟实现代码

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<assert.h>
#include<string.h>

using namespace std;
//与库里面的string做区分
namespace bit {
	class string {
	public:
		friend ostream& operator <<(ostream& out, const string& s);
		friend istream& operator >>(istream& cin, bit::string& s);
		typedef char* iterator;
		typedef const char* const_iterator;

		string(const char* s = "")
		{
			_size = strlen(s);
			_capacity = _size;
			_str = new char[_size + 1];
			memcpy(_str, s, _size);
			_str[_size] = '\0';
		}

		void swap(string& str)
		{
			std::swap(_str, str._str);
			std::swap(_capacity, str._capacity);
			std::swap(_size, str._size);
		}

		//现代写法有\0无法全部拷贝,hello\0world
		// 传统写法可以全部拷贝
		//不走初始化列表,编译器对内置类型不做处理,可能会出现随机值
		string(const string& s)
			:_size(0)
			,_capacity(0)
			,_str(nullptr)
		{
			/*
			拷贝构造*this还没有给空间,用reserve有delete会直接报错
			reserve(s._capacity);
			for (int i = 0;i < s._size;i++)
			{
				_str[i] = s._str[i];
			}
			_size = s._size;
			_str[_size] = '\0';*/

			
			_str = new char[s._capacity + 1];
			//strcpy(_str, s._str);
			memcpy(_str, s._str, s._size + 1);
			_size = s._size;
			_capacity = s._capacity;
			_str[_size] = '\0';

			/*bit::string tmp(s._str);
			swap(tmp);*/
		}

		~string()
		{
			delete[] _str;
			_str = nullptr;
			_size = _capacity = 0;
		}

		const char* c_str()const
		{
			return _str;
		}

		size_t c_size()const
		{
			return _size;
		}

		char& operator[](size_t pos)
		{
			assert(pos < _size);

			return _str[pos];
		}


		const char& operator[](size_t pos)const
		{
			assert(pos < _size);

			return _str[pos];
		}

		iterator begin()
		{
			return _str;
		}

		const_iterator begin()const
		{
			return _str;
		}

		iterator end()
		{
			return _str + _size;
		}

		const_iterator end()const
		{
			return _str + _size;
		}

		void clear()
		{
			_str[0] = '\0';
			_size = 0;
		}

		void reserve(size_t n = 0)
		{
			if (n> _capacity)
			{
				char* tmp = new char[n+ 1];
				memcpy(tmp, _str, _size+1);
				delete[]_str;
				_str = tmp;
				_capacity = n ;
			}
		}

		void resize(size_t n, char c = '\0')
		{
			
				if (n < _size)
				{
					_size = n;
					_str[_size] = '\0';
				}
				else
				{
					reserve(n);
					for(size_t i=_size;i<n;i++)
					{
						_str[i] = c;
					}
					_size = n;
					_str[_size] = '\0';
			}
			
		}

		string& push_back(char c)
		{
			if (_size == _capacity)
			{
				//2倍扩容
				reserve(_capacity == 0 ? 4 : _capacity * 2);
			}
			_str[_size] = c;
			_size += 1;
			_str[_size] = '\0';

			return *this;
		}

		string& append(const char* s)
		{
			size_t len = strlen(s);
			if(_size+len>_capacity)
			//二倍扩容可能还是不够,所以需要扩到len+_size
			reserve(len+_size);
			/*for (int i = 0;i < len;i++)
			{
				_str[_size+i] = s[i];
			}*/
			memcpy(_str + _size, s, len + 1);
			_size += len;
			return *this;
		}

		string& operator+=(char c)
		{
			return push_back(c);
		}

		string& operator+=(const char* s)
		{
			return append(s);
		}

		string& insert(size_t pos, size_t n, char c)
		{
			//在string中可以在_size位置插入,相当于尾插
			assert(pos <= _size);
			if (_size + n > _capacity)
			{
				reserve(n+_size);
			}
			size_t end = _size;
			//防止在第0个位置插入时出错,陷入死循环,因为这里会发生类型提升
			while (end >= pos && end != npos)
			{
				_str[end + n] = _str[end];
				//用前置--减少拷贝
				--end;
			}
			for (size_t i = pos;i < pos + n;i++)
			{
				_str[i] = c;
			}
			_size += n;
			_str[_size] = '\0';

			return *this;
		}

		string& insert(size_t pos, const char* s)
		{
			size_t len = strlen(s);
			assert(pos <= _size);

			if (_size + len > _capacity)
			{
				reserve(len+_size);
			}

			size_t end = _size;
			while (end >= pos && end != npos)
			{
				_str[end + len] = _str[end];
				--end;
			}
			for (size_t i = pos;i < pos + len;i++)
			{
				_str[i] = *s;
				s++;
			}
			_size += len;
			_str[_size] = '\0';

			return *this;
		}

		string& erase(size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos)
		{
			assert(pos <= _size);
			//全删
			if (_size - pos < len)
			{
				_str[pos] = '\0';
				_size = pos;
			}
			else
			{
				size_t end = pos + len;
				while (end <= _size)
				{
					_str[pos++] = _str[end++];
				}
				_size -= len;
				//_str[_size] = '\0';
			}

			return *this;
		}

		size_t find(const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const
		{
			assert(pos < _size);
			char* ptr= strstr(_str + pos, s);
			if (ptr)
			{
				return ptr - _str;
			}
			else
			{
				//找不到库里面返回的是npos
				return npos;
			}

			//return nnpos - _str;
		}

		size_t find(char c, size_t pos = 0) const
		{
			assert(pos < _size);
			for (size_t i = pos;i < _size;i++)
			{
				if (_str[i] == c)
				{
					return i;
				}
			}
			return npos;
		}

		string substr(size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos) const
		{
			assert(pos < _size);
			size_t n = len;
			//先判断len,如果后判断,当len=npos时会溢出
			if (len == npos || len + pos > _size)
			{
				n = _size - pos;
			}
			bit::string Tmp;
			//n就是你需要取的数据个数,也就是你要开辟的空间大小
			Tmp.reserve(n);
			Tmp._size = n;
			memcpy(Tmp._str, _str + pos, n);
			Tmp._str[Tmp._size] = '\0';

			return Tmp;
		}

		int operator<(const string&str)
		{
			int Bool = memcmp(_str, str._str, _size > str._size ? str._size:_size);
			/*if (Bool == 0)
			{
				if (_size < str._size)
				{
					return 1;
				}
				else
				{
					return 0;
				}
			}*/
			return Bool == 0 ? _size < str._size: 0;
		}

		int operator==(const string& str)
		{
			return _size == str._size && !memcmp(_str, str._str, _size);
		}

		int operator<=(const string& str)
		{
			return *this< str||*this==str;
		}

		int operator>(const string& str)
		{
			return !(*this<= str);
		}

		int operator>=(const string& str)
		{
			return !(*this <str);
		}


		int operator!=(const string& str)
		{
			return  !(*this == str);
		}

		string& operator=(string Tmp)
		{
			swap(Tmp);

			return *this;
		}

	private:
	    size_t _size;
		size_t _capacity;
		char* _str;
	public:
		//声明
		const static size_t npos;
	};
	//定义	
	const size_t string::npos = -1;

	ostream& operator <<(ostream& cout, const bit::string& s)
	{
		//用for循环或者范围for
		for (int i=0;i<s._size;i++)
		{
			cout << s._str[i];
		}
		return cout;
	}

	istream& operator >>(istream& cin, bit::string& s)
	{
		s.clear();
		char ch = cin.get();
		// 处理前缓冲区前面的空格或者换行
		while (ch== ' ' || ch == '\n')
		{
			 ch = cin.get();
		}
		char charr[127];
		memset(charr, 127, '\0');
		int i = 0;
		while (ch != ' '&&ch != '\n')
		{
			charr[i++] = ch;
			ch = cin.get();
			if (i == 126)
			{
				charr[i] = '\0';
				s += charr;
				i = 0;
			}
		}
		if (i != 0)
		{
			charr[i] = '\0';
			s += charr;
		}

		return cin;
	}
}

测试样例

#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS 1

#include"string.h"

void test_string1()
{
	bit::string s1("hello world");
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	bit::string s2;
	cout << s2.c_str() << endl;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < s1.c_size(); i++)
	{
		s1[i]++;
	}
	cout << endl;

	for (size_t i = 0; i < s1.c_size(); i++)
	{
		cout << s1[i] << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;

	const bit::string s3("hello world");
	s3[0];

	auto cit = s3.begin();
	while (cit != s3.end())
	{
		//*cit += 1;

		cout << *cit << " ";
		++cit;
	}
	cout << endl;

	bit::string::iterator it = s1.begin();
	while (it != s1.end())
	{
		*it += 1;

		cout << *it << " ";
		++it;
	}
	cout << endl;

	//名字只能是end和begin
	for (auto ch : s1)
	{
		cout << ch << " ";
	}
	cout << endl;
}

void test_string2()
{

	bit::string s1("hello world");
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.push_back(' ');
	s1.push_back('#');
	s1.append("hello bit");
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	bit::string s2("hello world");
	cout << s2.c_str() << endl;

	s2 += ' ';
	s2 += '#';
	s2 += "hello bit";
	cout << s2.c_str() << endl;
}

void test_string3()
{
	bit::string s1("helloworld");
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.insert(5, 3, '#');
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.insert(0, 3, '#');
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;


	bit::string s2("helloworld");
	s2.insert(5, "%%%%%");
	cout << s2.c_str() << endl;
}

void test_string4()
{
	bit::string s1("helloworld");
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.erase(5, 3);
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.erase(5, 30);
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;

	s1.erase(2);
	cout << s1.c_str() << endl;
}

void test_string5()
{
	// 21:18继续
	bit::string url = "ftp://www.baidu.com/?tn=65081411_1_oem_dg";

	size_t pos1 = url.find("://");
	if (pos1 != bit::string::npos)
	{
		bit::string protocol = url.substr(0, pos1);
		cout << protocol.c_str() << endl;
	}

	size_t pos2 = url.find('/', pos1 + 3);
	if (pos2 != bit::string::npos)
	{
		bit::string domain = url.substr(pos1 + 3, pos2 - (pos1 + 3));
		bit::string uri = url.substr(pos2 + 1);

		cout << domain.c_str() << endl;
		cout << uri.c_str() << endl;
	}
}

void test_string6()
{
	bit::string s("hello world");
	s.resize(8);
	cout << s.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s << endl;

	s.resize(13, 'x');
	cout << s.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s << endl;

	s.resize(20, 'y');
	cout << s.c_str() << endl;
	cout << s << endl;

	 /*c的字符数组,以\0为终止算长度
	 string不看\0,以size为终止算长度*/

	bit::string ss("hello world");
	ss += '\0';
	ss += "!!!!!!!!!!";
	cout << ss.c_str() << endl;
	cout << ss << endl;

	bit::string copy(ss);
	cout << ss << endl;
	cout << copy << endl;

	ss += "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx";
	cout << ss << endl;
}



void test_string7()
{
	bit::string s;
	cin >> s;
	cout << s << endl;

	cin >> s;
	cout << s << endl;

	//char buff[128];
	//for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	//{
	//	cin >> buff[i];
	//}

	//for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++)
	//{
	//	cout << buff[i] << endl;
	//}
}

void test_string8()
{
	/*string s1("bb");
	string s2("aaa");
	cout << (s1 < s2) << endl;*/

	bit::string s1("hello");
	bit::string s2("hello");
	cout << (s1 < s2) << endl;
	cout << (s1 > s2) << endl;
	cout << (s1 == s2) << endl << endl;


	bit::string s3("hello");
	bit::string s4("helloxxx");
	cout << (s3 < s4) << endl;
	cout << (s3 > s4) << endl;
	cout << (s3 == s4) << endl << endl;


	bit::string s5("helloxxx");
	bit::string s6("hello");
	cout << (s5 < s6) << endl;
	cout << (s5 > s6) << endl;
	cout << (s5 == s6) << endl << endl;
}

void test_string9()
{
	bit::string str1("hello");
	str1 += '\0';
	str1 += " world";
	bit::string str2("how are");
	str2 += '\0';
	str2+= " you";
	cout << str1 << endl;
	cout << str2 << endl;
	//传统写法可以全部拷贝,现代写法无法全部拷贝
	str1 = str2;
	cout << str1 << endl;
}

//void test_string9()
//{
//	bit::string s1("hello");
//	bit::string s2(s1);
//
//	cout << s1 << endl;
//	cout << s2 << endl;
//
//	bit::string s3("xxxxxxxxxxxxx");
//	先调用拷贝构造,再调用赋值
//	s1 = s3;
//
//	cout << s1 << endl;
//	cout << s3 << endl;
//}


int main()
{
	test_string9();
	//bit::string s("hello world");
	//cout << s.c_str() << endl;
	/*bit::string s("hello world");
	cout << s << endl;*/
	//s.insert(0, 3,'x');
	//cout << s.c_str() << endl;

	return 0;
}

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