注：本文为关于 “紧急救援信号” 的几篇合辑，机翻，未校。
The True Origination and Meaning of SOS Revealed
Published by Chris Riley in nauticalknowhowLast updated on April 6, 2023
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Harmony asks “Do the letters in the term SOS represent three words? If so, could you let me know what they are?” Thanks to Neal McEwen for allowing us to use some information from his articles “SOS”, “CQD” and the History of Maritime Distress Calls.
Harmony 问道：“SOS 一词中的字母代表三个词吗？如果是这样，你能告诉我它们是什么吗？感谢 Neal McEwen 允许我们使用他的文章“SOS”、“CQD”和海事遇险电话的历史中的一些信息。
There is much mystery and misinformation surrounding the origin and use of maritime distress calls. Most of the general populace believes that “SOS” signifies “Save Our Ship.” Casual students of radio history are aware that the use of “SOS” was preceded by “CQD.” Why were these signals adopted? When were they used?
围绕海上遇险电话的起源和使用存在许多神秘和错误信息。大多数普通民众认为“SOS”的意思是“拯救我们的船”。研究广播历史的普通学生都知道，“SOS”的使用前面是“CQD”。为什么采用这些信号？它们是什么时候使用的？
History of the SOS Signal
SOS 信号的历史
Though the SOS signal is well known in most circles these days, its original use was strictly maritime. The International Radio Telegraphic Convention chose the SOS signal in 1906. This came a year after it had become the choice of the German government for maritime emergencies.
尽管 SOS 信号如今在大多数圈子里都广为人知，但它最初的用途严格来说是海上的。国际无线电报公约于 1906 年选择了 SOS 信号。这是在它成为德国政府应对海上紧急情况的选择一年后做出的。
Many people in the general population are surprised to learn that SOS was replaced by the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System back in 1999. Of course a traditional SOS is still recognized and will be responded to as normal if received by the Coast Guard or other emergency services, but it is technically an outdated method of requesting aid.
许多普通民众惊讶地发现，SOS 早在 1999 年就被全球海上遇险和安全系统取代。当然，传统的 SOS 仍然得到认可，如果海岸警卫队或其他紧急服务部门收到，它将正常响应，但从技术上讲，这是一种过时的请求援助的方法。
What Does SOS Stand For?
SOS 代表什么？
Believe it or not, absolutely nothing.
信不信由你，绝对没有。
If you’ve been wondering “what does SOS stand for?” The truth is that it doesn’t stand for anything. The Morse Code is a line of three dots, three dashes, and three more dots. It’s designed to be easy to communicate to others. The pattern is simple, recognizable, hard to mistake for anything else and easy to remember. It just so happens that three dots also means “S” and three dashes means “O” in the Morse Code alphabet. It’s just one of those convenient accidents.
如果你一直在想 “SOS 代表什么？” 事实是，它并不代表任何东西。莫尔斯电码是由三短划、三长划和三个短划组成的一行。它被设计成易于与其他人沟通。这个模式简单、易于识别、不容易被误认为是其他东西，并且容易记住。碰巧的是，莫尔斯电码中的三个短划代表 “S”，三个长划代表 “O”。这只是一次方便的巧合。
Or is it? The SOS Morse code conveniently means nothing else, so its messages can’t possibly get confused either, which is an added benefit to use it which can reduce communication errors. How about that?
或者是这样吗？SOS 摩斯电码方便地没有其他含义，因此它的信息也不可能被混淆，这是使用它的额外好处，可以减少通信错误。怎么样？
How SOS Was Developed for Maritime Use
SOS 是如何为海事应用而开发的
The practical use of wireless telegraphy was made possible by Guglielmo Marconi in the closing years of the 19th century. Until then, ships at sea out of visual range were very much isolated from shore and other ships. The wireless telegraphers used Morse Code to send messages. Morse Code is a way of “tapping” out letters using a series of dots (short signals) and dashes (long signals). Spoken, short signals are referred to as “dih” and long signals are referred to as “dah”. The letter “A” is represented by a dot followed by a dash:
19 世纪末期，古列尔莫·马可尼 （Guglielmo Marconi） 使无线电报的实际应用成为可能。在此之前，视线范围之外的海上船只与岸上和其他船只非常隔离。无线电报员使用摩尔斯电码发送消息。摩斯电码是一种使用一系列点（短信号）和破折号（长信号）“敲击”字母的方法。口语中的短信号称为“dih”，长信号称为“dah”。字母 “A” 由一个点后跟一个短划线表示：
By 1904 there were many trans-Atlantic British ships equipped with wireless communications. The wireless operators came from the ranks of railroad and postal telegraphers. In England a general call on the landline wire was a “CQ.” “CQ” preceded time signals and special notices. “CQ” was generally adopted by telegraph and cable stations all over the world. By using “CQ,” each station receives a message from a single transmission and an economy of time and labor was realized. Naturally, “CQ,” went with the operators to sea and was likewise used for a general call. This sign for “all stations” was adopted soon after wireless came into being by both ships and shore stations.
到 1904 年，有许多跨大西洋的英国船只配备了无线通信。无线电操作员来自铁路和邮政电报员的行列。在英国，固定电话的一般呼叫是“CQ”。“CQ” 在时间信号和特殊通知之前。“CQ”被世界各地的电报和有线电视台普遍采用。通过使用“CQ”，每个站点从一次传输接收一条消息，从而实现了时间和劳动力的经济性。自然，“CQ”与接线员一起出海，同样用于一般呼叫。这个“所有站点”的标志是在船舶和岸站无线出现后不久采用的。
In 1904, the Marconi company suggested the use of “CQD” for a distress signal. Although generally accepted to mean, “Come Quick Danger,” that is not the case. It is a general call, “CQ,” followed by “D,” meaning distress. A strict interpretation would be “All stations, Distress.”
1904 年，马可尼公司建议使用“CQD”作为求救信号。虽然人们普遍认为它的意思是 “Come Quick Danger”，但事实并非如此。这是一个通用的称呼，“CQ”，后跟“D”，意思是痛苦。严格的解释是“所有站点，遇险”。
At the second Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference 1906, the subject of a danger signal was again addressed. Considerable discussion ensued and finally SOS was adopted. The thinking was that three dots, three dashes and three dots could not be misinterpreted. It was to be sent together as one string.
在 1906 年的第二届柏林无线电报会议上，危险信号的主题再次得到解决。随后进行了大量讨论，最终采用了 SOS。他们的想法是三个点、三个破折号和三个点不能被误解。 它要作为一个字符串一起发送。
The Marconi Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony , 1918 states, “This signal [SOS] was adopted simply on account of its easy radiation and its unmistakable character. There is no special signification in the letter themselves, and it is entirely incorrect to put full stops between them [the letters].” All the popular interpretations of “SOS,” “Save Our Ship,” “Save Our Souls,” or “Send Out Succor” are simply not valid. Stations hearing this distress call were to immediately cease handling traffic until the emergency was over and were likewise bound to answer the distress signal.
1918 年的《马可尼无线电报和电话年鉴》指出，“采用这种信号 [SOS] 仅仅是因为它易于辐射且具有明显的特性。这封信本身没有特别的含义，在它们 [字母] 之间加上句号是完全不正确的。所有对 “SOS”、“Save Our Ship”、“Save Our Souls” 或 “Send Out Succor” 的流行解释都是无效的。听到此求救信号的电台应立即停止处理交通，直到紧急情况结束，并且同样必须响应求救信号。
SOS on the Titanic
泰坦尼克号上的 SOS
Although the use of “SOS” was officially ratified in 1908, the use of “CQD” lingered for several more years, especially in British service where it originated. It is well documented in personal accounts of Harold Bride, second Radio Officer, and in the logs of the SS Carpathia, that the Titanic first used “CQD” to call for help. When Captain Smith gave the order to radio for help, first radio officer Jack Phillips sent “CQD” six times followed by the Titanic call letters, “MGY.” Later, at Bride’s suggestion, Phillips interspersed his calls with “SOS.”
尽管“SOS”的使用在 1908 年被正式批准，但“CQD”的使用又持续了几年，尤其是在它起源的英国服务中。在第二无线电官哈罗德·布莱德 （Harold Bride） 的个人叙述和喀尔巴阡号的日志中，泰坦尼克号首先使用“CQD”来寻求帮助。当史密斯机长向无线电发出求救命令时，第一无线电官杰克·菲利普斯 （Jack Phillips） 发送了六次“CQD”，然后是泰坦尼克号的呼叫字母“MGY”。后来，在 Bride 的建议下，Phillips 在他的电话中穿插了“SOS”。
In SOS to the Rescue , 1935, author Baarslag notes, “Although adopted intentionally in 1908, it [SOS] had not completely displaced the older ‘CQD’ in the British operators’ affections.” (It is interesting to observe that Marconi was waiting in New York to return home to England on the Titanic.)
在 1935 年的 SOS to the Rescue 中，作者 Baarslag 指出，“尽管在 1908 年有意采用它 [SOS] 并没有完全取代英国操作员喜爱的旧的’CQD’。（有趣的是，马可尼当时正在纽约等待乘坐泰坦尼克号返回英国的家中。
SOS Comes to America
SOS 登陆美国
The first recorded American use of “SOS” was in August of 1909. Wireless operator T. D. Haubner of the SS Arapahoe radioed for help when his ship lost its screw near Diamond Shoals, sometimes called the “Graveyard of the Atlantic.” The call was heard by the United Wireless station “HA” at Hatteras. A few months later, the SS Arapahoe received an “SOS” distress call from the SS Iroquois. Radio Officer Haubner therefore has the distinction of being involved in the first two incidents of the use of “SOS” in America, the first as the sender and the second as the receiver. The U.S. did not officially adopt “SOS” until 1912, being slow to adopt international wireless standards.
美国第一次记录使用“SOS”是在 1909 年 8 月。SS Arapahoe 的无线电操作员 T. D. Haubner 在他的船在钻石浅滩附近丢失了螺丝时，通过无线电寻求帮助，钻石浅滩有时被称为“大西洋的墓地”。位于哈特拉斯的联合无线电台“HA”听到了这一电话。几个月后，SS Arapahoe 收到了 SS Iroquois 的“SOS”求救电话。因此，无线电官 Haubner 参与了美国使用“SOS”的前两起事件，第一次是作为发件人，第二次是作为接收者。美国直到 1912 年才正式采用“SOS”，在采用国际无线标准方面进展缓慢。
Today, there are numerous other ways of contacting help, including dedicated radio channels, with special transmitting devices that can call for help at the simple push of a button in the event of an accident at sea.
今天，还有许多其他联系帮助的方式，包括 专用无线电频道 ，带有特殊的传输设备，在海上发生事故时，只需按一下按钮即可寻求帮助。
There you have it: a brief summary of SOS. For those who like nautical trivia, you’ve got the answers to two questions that can catch out even the most seasoned sailors:
这就是 SOS 的摘要。对于那些喜欢航海琐事的人来说，你有两个问题的答案，即使是最老练的水手也能抓住：
“Which three initials comprised the distress call prior to SOS?”“在 SOS 之前，哪三个首字母构成了求救电话？”
And: 和：
“What does SOS mean?”
“SOS 是什么意思？”
Try asking your boating buddies and see if their answers are up to scratch!
试着问问你的划船伙伴，看看他们的答案是否符合标准！
How to Transmit an SOS
如何发送 SOS
Obviously SOS was developed for Morse Code use, but it’s not the only way the emergency signal has been transmitted historically. The ubiquitous nature of the signal and the fact that it is near universally recognized at this point has allowed it to migrate to other forms of communication. Please keep in mind there are other established methods of signaling for help that are not technically SOS signals. Our guide to distress signals explains many additional methods and how to use them.
显然，SOS 是为使用摩斯电码而开发的，但这并不是历史上紧急信号的唯一传输方式。信号无处不在的性质以及它在这一点上几乎被普遍认可的事实使其能够迁移到其他形式的通信。请记住，还有其他已建立的求救信号方法，从技术上讲，这些方法不是 SOS 信号。我们的遇险信号指南介绍了许多其他方法及其使用方法。
Ground Signals
地面信号
On rare occasions, the act of literally spelling out SOS has been used as a call for aid. This method is actually well used in fiction for the trope of being stranded on a deserted island. People will use sticks or rocks to actually form the letters SOS on a clear beach in the hopes that a passing search plane will see it.
在极少数情况下，字面上拼写 SOS 的行为被用作求助。这种方法实际上在小说中被广泛用于被困在荒岛上的比喻。人们会在干净的海滩上用棍棒或石头实际形成字母 SOS，希望路过的搜索飞机能看到它。
This method works in real life as well. For instance, in 2020, three sailors were found on an uninhabited island near Guam after spelling their SOS on the sandy beach.
这种方法也适用于现实生活。例如，2020 年，三名水手在沙滩上拼写出 SOS 后，在关岛附近的一个无人岛被发现。
Flags
旗帜
The SOS signal can potentially be spelled out with semaphore flags if necessary. This could be done to signal from ship to shore or ship to ship, though there are other visual flag signals which can be used to indicate distress.
如有必要，可以使用信号量标志来拼写 SOS 信号。这可以用于从船到岸或船到船的信号，尽管还有其他视觉旗帜信号可用于指示遇险。
Mirror Signals
镜像信号
Piggybacking off of the SOS Morse Code signal, a signal mirror or other reflective surface can be used to visually represent the code. In this method, a mirror is used to reflect a light source, typically the sun, to a distant observer. The signaller can use their hand to block the light or adjust the direction of the mirror to flash light matching the code in a way that would show three quick flashes, three longer flashes, and three quick flashes again. This mimics the dots and dashes of the Morse signal.
除了 SOS 摩斯电码信号之外，还可以使用信号镜或其他反射表面来直观地表示电码。在这种方法中，镜子用于将光源（通常是太阳）反射到远处的观察者。信号员可以用手挡住光线或调整镜子的方向，以闪烁与代码匹配的光线，从而显示 3 次快速闪烁、3 次较长的闪烁和 3 次再次的快速闪烁。这模拟了莫尔斯信号的点和破折号。
If a mirror is not available this same method can be performed with a flashlight or cell phone light source by blocking the light beam in the SOS pattern.
如果没有镜子，可以使用手电筒或手机光源通过阻挡 SOS 模式中的光束来执行相同的方法。
Sound Signals
声音信号
Like the use of a mirror, an audio signal can mimic the Morse Code for an SOS. Boats generall have a horn, a bell or both on board to provide sound signals to other vessels. In an emergency if there is no other option available, a bell could be rung or a horn could be sounded in a pattern that duplicates the Morse signal.
就像使用镜子一样，音频信号可以模仿 SOS 的摩斯电码。船只通常配备喇叭、铃铛或两者兼而有之，以向其他船只提供声音信号。在紧急情况下，如果没有其他选择，可以敲响铃铛或以复制莫尔斯信号的模式鸣响喇叭。
How to Send an SOS
如何发送 SOS
When you are on the water and in need of help, ideally you’re going to be able to use your VHF radio to make a proper Mayday or Pan-Pan call. Our guide to getting help on the water covers the proper procedure for making a distress call in an emergency situation.
当你在水上需要帮助时，理想情况下，你将能够使用 VHF 收音机拨打正确的 Mayday 或 Pan-Pan 电话。我们的水上帮助指南涵盖了在紧急情况下拨打求救电话的正确程序。
An SOS as we’ve detailed above would typically only apply when your radio is unusable so a traditional distress call is not an option. However, your best bet is to have equipment on board that can access the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System. Most new VHF radios can automatically connect to this distress system, as can various phone apps you can download or a device such as an EPIRB.
正如我们上面详述的那样，SOS 通常仅在你的收音机无法使用时才适用，因此传统的求救电话不是一种选择。但是，最好的办法是在船上配备可以访问全球海事遇险和安全系统的设备。大多数新的 VHF 无线电都可以自动连接到这个遇险系统，你可以下载的各种电话应用程序或 EPIRB 等设备也可以。
The GMDSS alerts search and rescue anywhere in the world and can provide GPS coordinates to help find your position. Once that has been done, SOS signals such as light, sound or visuals can aid in allowing rescuers to find you faster.
GMDSS 可以提醒世界上任何地方的搜索和救援，并提供 GPS 坐标以帮助找到你的位置。完成后，SOS 信号（如灯光、声音或视觉）可以帮助救援人员更快地找到你。
The Bottom Line
最重要的事
The SOS signal was developed over 100 years ago as a universal method of calling for help that could be communicated and understood beyond language barriers. The signal was designed because it is easy to remember and hard to mistake for anything else. It has no inherent meaning beyond a distress signal and the actual letters in Morse Code, SOS, are merely the ones coincidentally attached to the memorable code. As such, SOS doesn’t stand for anything or mean anything.
SOS 信号是在 100 多年前开发的，是一种通用的求助方法，可以跨越语言障碍进行交流和理解。这个信号的设计是因为它很容易记住，而且很难被误认为是其他任何东西。除了求救信号之外，它没有内在的含义，而摩斯电码 SOS 中的实际字母只是巧合地附在令人难忘的电码上的字母。因此，SOS 不代表任何事物或意义。
SOS was replaced in 1999 by the GMDSS as the standard distress call at sea but it is still a useful and recognizable way to call for help through numerous different means, well beyond simple More Code.
SOS 于 1999 年被 GMDSS 取代，成为标准的海上遇险呼叫，但它仍然是一种有用且可识别的通过多种不同方式寻求帮助的方式，远远超出了简单的 More Code。
Distress calls - CQD, SOS etc
紧急求救信号 - CQD、SOS 等
The first use of wireless in communicating the need for assistance came in March of 1899. The East Goodwin Lightship, marking the southeastern English coast, was rammed in a fog in the early morning hours by the SS R. F. Matthews. A distress call was transmitted to a shore station at South Foreland and help was dispatched.
1899 年 3 月，首次使用无线来传达援助需求。标志着英国东南海岸的东古德温灯塔船在清晨被 SS R. F. Matthews 在大雾中撞击。求救电话被传送到南前沿的岸站，并派出了救援人员。
CQ
By 1904 there were many trans-Atlantic British ships equipped with wireless. The wireless operators came from the ranks of railroad and postal telegraphers. In England a general call on the landline wire was a “CQ.” “CQ” preceded time signals and special notices. “CQ” had been generally adopted by telegraph and cable stations all over the world. Naturally, “CQ,” went with the operators to sea and was likewise used for a general call. This sign for “all stations” was adopted soon after wireless came into being by both ships and shore stations.
到 1904 年，有许多跨大西洋的英国船只配备了无线设备。无线电操作员来自铁路和邮政电报员的行列。在英国，固定电话的一般呼叫是“CQ”。“CQ” 在时间信号和特殊通知之前。“CQ” 已被世界各地的电报站和有线电视台普遍采用。自然，“CQ”与接线员一起出海，同样用于一般呼叫。这个“所有站点”的标志是在船舶和岸站无线出现后不久采用的。
At the first international congress of wireless telegraphy in 1903, the Italians recommended the use of “SSSDDD” to be used to signal an emergency. Its use would signal all other stations to stop sending and leave the channel open for emergency traffic. Though discussed, it was not adopted. Decision making on distress signals was put on the agenda for the next meeting in 1906.
在 1903 年的第一届国际无线电报大会上，意大利人建议使用“SSSDDD”来发出紧急情况信号。它的使用将向所有其他站点发出信号，停止发送并保持通道开放以供紧急交通使用。尽管进行了讨论，但并未被采纳。1906 年，关于遇险信号的决策被提上了下一次会议的议程。
CQD
In 1904, the Marconi company filled the gap by suggesting the use of “CQD” for a distress signal. Although generally accepted to mean, “Come Quick Danger,” that is not the case. It is a general call, “CQ,” followed by “D,” meaning distress. A strict interpretation would be “All stations, Distress.”
1904 年，马可尼公司通过建议使用“CQD”作为求救信号来填补空白。虽然人们普遍认为它的意思是 “Come Quick Danger”，但事实并非如此。这是一个通用的称呼，“CQ”，后跟“D”，意思是痛苦。严格的解释是“所有站点，遇险”。
At the second Berlin Radiotelegraphic Conference 1906, the subject of a danger signal was again addressed. The Germans had used “SOE” as a general inquiry call and suggested its adoption as a distress call internationally. Considerable discussion ensued and there was objection because the final letter was a single dot, hard to copy in adverse conditions. The letter “S” was substituted; the thinking was that three dots, three dashes and three dots could not be misinterpreted. It was to be sent together as one string. (The American distress signal “NC” for “Call for help without delay” was not adopted, although it remains as the international flag symbol for distress to this day.)
在 1906 年的第二届柏林无线电报会议上，危险信号的主题再次得到解决。德国人将“SOE”用作一般性查询电话，并建议在国际上将其用作求救电话。随后进行了大量讨论，并提出了反对意见，因为最后一个字母是一个点，在不利条件下很难复制。字母“S”被替换;他们的想法是三个点、三个破折号和三个点不能被误解。它要作为一个字符串一起发送。（美国的求救信号“NC”表示“毫不拖延地呼救”并未被采用，尽管它至今仍是国际遇险的国旗符号。
SOS
The Marconi Yearbook of Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony, 1918 states, “This signal [SOS] was adopted simply on account of its easy radiation and its unmistakable character. There is no special signification in the letter themselves, and it is entirely incorrect to put full stops between them [the letters].” All the popular interpretations of “SOS,” “Save or Ship,” “Save Our Souls,” or “Send Out Succour” are simply not valid. Stations hearing this distress call were to immediately cease handling traffic until the emergency was over and were likewise bound to answer the distress signal. The SOS signal was probably first used by the Cunarder RMS Slavonia on 10 June 1909, prior to her being wrecked in the Azores.
1918 年出版的《马可尼无线电报和电话年鉴》指出，“采用这种信号 [SOS] 仅仅是因为它易于辐射且具有明确无误的特性。这封信本身没有特别的含义，在它们 [字母] 之间加上句号是完全不正确的。所有对 “SOS”、“Save or Ship”、“Save Our Souls” 或 “Send Out Succour” 的流行解释都是无效的。听到此求救信号的电台应立即停止处理交通，直到紧急情况结束，并且同样必须响应求救信号。SOS 信号可能于 1909 年 6 月 10 日首次被 Cunarder RMS Slavonia 使用，当时她在亚速尔群岛失事。
Although the use of “SOS” was officially ratified in 1908, the use of “CQD” lingered for several more years, especially in British service where it originated. It is well documented in personal accounts of Harold Bride, second Radio Officer, and in the logs of the SS Carpathia, that the Titanic first used “CQD” to call for help. When Captain Smith gave the order to radio for help, first radio officer Jack Phillips sent “CQD” six times (first time 10.35 New York time) followed by the Titanic call letters, “MGY.” 20 minutes later, at Brides suggestion, Phillips interspersed his calls with “SOS.” In ‘SOS to the Rescue’, 1935, author Baarslag notes, “Although adopted intentionally in 1908, it [SOS] had not completely displaced the older ‘CQD’ in the British operators’ affections.” (It is interesting to note that Marconi was waiting in New York to return home to England on the Titanic.)
尽管“SOS”的使用在 1908 年被正式批准，但“CQD”的使用又持续了几年，尤其是在它起源的英国服务中。在第二无线电官哈罗德·布莱德 （Harold Bride） 的个人叙述和喀尔巴阡号的日志中，泰坦尼克号首先使用“CQD”来寻求帮助。当史密斯机长向无线电发出求救命令时，第一无线电官杰克·菲利普斯 （Jack Phillips） 发送了六次“CQD”（第一次是纽约时间 10.35），然后是泰坦尼克号的呼叫字母“MGY”。20 分钟后，在 Brides 的建议下，Phillips 在他的电话中穿插了“SOS”。在 1935 年的《SOS to the Rescue》中，作者 Baarslag 指出：“尽管在 1908 年有意采用它 [SOS]，但它并没有完全取代英国运营商对旧的’CQD’的喜爱。（有趣的是，马可尼当时正在纽约等待乘坐泰坦尼克号返回英国的家中。
HELP
The first use of wireless in the rescue of an American ship was in 1905. Off Nantucket, the operator of Relief Ship No. 58, a light ship, sent “HELP” in International Morse and American Morse. (Trans Atlantic ships used International Morse and coastal ships used American Morse. The use of American Morse on seagoing vessels ceased in 1912 although it survived for many years on the Great Lakes.) A Naval Radio Station in Rhode Island answered the “HELP” call.
1905 年，无线首次用于营救美国船只。在楠塔基特岛附近，一艘轻型船 58 号救援船的运营商用国际莫尔斯和美国莫尔斯发送了“HELP”。（跨大西洋船只使用国际莫尔斯，沿海船只使用美国莫尔斯。美国莫尔斯电枪在海船上的使用于 1912 年停止，尽管它在五大湖上存活了很多年。罗德岛州的一家海军无线电台接听了“HELP”电话。
The first recorded use of “CQD” by an American ship was in 1908 by the steamer Santa Rosa off the coast of California. Commander Richard Johnstone records this in his memoir My San Francisco Story of the Waterfront and the Wireless, 1965. The first recorded American use of “SOS” was 11 August 1909. Wireless operator T. D. Haubner of the SS Arapahoe radioed for help when his ship lost its screw near Diamond Shoals, sometimes called the “Graveyard of the Atlantic.” The call was heard by the United Wireless station “HA” at Hatteras. A few months later, the SS Arapahoe received an “SOS” distress call from the SS Iroquois. Radio Officer Haubner therefore has the distinction of being involved in the first two incidents of the use of “SOS” in America, the first as the sender and the second as the receiver. The U.S. did not officially adopt “SOS” until 1912, being slow to adopt international wireless standards.
美国船只首次记录使用“CQD”是在 1908 年加利福尼亚海岸附近的 Santa Rosa 轮船。指挥官理查德·约翰斯通 （Richard Johnstone） 在他的回忆录《我的旧金山海滨和无线故事》（My San Francisco Story of the Waterfront and the Wireless， 1965） 中记录了这一点。美国第一次有记录地使用“SOS”是在 1909 年 8 月 11 日。SS Arapahoe 的无线电操作员 T. D. Haubner 在他的船在钻石浅滩附近丢失了螺丝时，通过无线电寻求帮助，钻石浅滩有时被称为“大西洋的墓地”。位于哈特拉斯的联合无线电台“HA”听到了这一电话。几个月后，SS Arapahoe 收到了 SS Iroquois 的“SOS”求救电话。因此，无线电官 Haubner 参与了美国使用“SOS”的前两起事件，第一次是作为发件人，第二次是作为接收者。美国直到 1912 年才正式采用“SOS”，在采用国际无线标准方面进展缓慢。
The sinking of the SS REPUBLIC by the SS FLORIDA in 1909 SW off the Nantucket Lightship is often quoted as an early use of radio in maritime distress as the first “that really mattered” (i.e., with the imminent prospect of heavy loss of life), or refered to Radio Operator Binn’s signal as “the first by a Marconi operator” but:
1909 年，SS FLORIDA 在楠塔基特灯塔船西南方向沉没了 SS REPUBLIC，这通常被引用为在海上遇险中使用无线电的早期，作为第一个“真正重要”的信号（即，在迫在眉睫的重大生命损失的情况下），或将无线电操作员 Binn 的信号称为“马可尼操作员的第一个信号”，但是：
New York Times, 9 December 1903
THE KROONLAND DISABLED
Red Star Liner First to Use Wireless Telegraphy in Distress QUEENSTOWN, Dec. 8 - The Red Star steamer Kroonland, which sailed from Antwerp on Dec. 5 for New York, communicated by wireless telegraphy with Brow Head at 4:30 this afternoon.
皇后镇，12 月 8 日 ——12 月 5 日从安特卫普驶往纽约的红星轮船 Kroonland 于今天下午 4:30 用无线电报与 “Brow Head” 号进行了通信。
She was then seventy-eight miles west of Fastnet, returning to Queenstown with her steam tiller smashed and her steering gear disabled. The vessel was steering with the use of her engines. The weather was hazy and a moderate gale was blowing.
当时，她正在法斯内特以西 78 英里的地方返回皇后镇，她的蒸汽舵柄碎了，舵机也坏了。那艘船正在用发动机操舵。天气朦胧，刮着中风。
The Kroonland, one of the four of the Red Star Line recently equipped with the Marconi system, makes first use of it in distress.
红星航运公司最近装备了马可尼系统的四艘船之一的 Kroonland 号在遇险时率先使用了该系统。
XXX / TTT
Besides “CQD” and “SOS,” “XXX” was used as an urgent signal, being less urgent than “SOS.” “TTT” was used as a safety signal to precede ice, storm and other navigational warnings including coastal artillery practice. “MEDICO” was used by ships without a doctor seeking medical advice from another ship or shore station.
除了“CQD”和“SOS”之外，“XXX”被用作紧急信号，其紧急程度低于“SOS”。“TTT”则作为安全信号，用于预示冰块、风暴以及其他导航警告，包括沿海炮火演习。“MEDICO”被没有医生的船只使用，以向另一艘船或岸上的站点寻求医疗建议。
History of wireless distress rescues
1899 ~ 1912 无线遇险救援史事
From 1899 to 1908, nine documented rescues were made by the use of wireless. The earliest of these was a distress call from the East Goodwin lightship. However, for the earliest of these, there was no standardized distress signal. The first US ship to send a wireless distress call in 1905 simply sent HELP (in both International Morse and American Morse code).
从 1899 年到 1908 年，有记录的 9 次救援都是通过使用无线进行的。其中最早的是来自东古德温灯塔的求救信号。然而，对于最早的这些，没有标准化的求救信号。1905 年，第一艘发送无线求救信号的美国船只简单地发送了 HELP（国际莫尔斯电码和美国莫尔斯电码）。
On 7 December 1903, Ludwig Arnson was a wireless operator aboard the liner SS Kroonland when the ship lost a propeller off the Irish coast. His call of CQD brought aid from a British cruiser. In 1944 Arnson received the Marconi Memorial Medal of Achievement in recognition of his sending the first wireless distress signal.By February 1904, the Marconi Wireless Company required all its operators to use CQD for a ship in distress or for requiring URGENT assistance.[1] In the early morning of 23 January 1909, whilst sailing into New York from Liverpool, RMS Republic collided with the Italian liner SS Florida in fog off the Massachusetts island of Nantucket. Radio Operator Jack Binns sent the CQD distress signal by wireless transmission.
1903 年 12 月 7 日，路德维希·阿恩森 （Ludwig Arnson） 是 SS Kroonland 班轮上的一名无线电操作员，当时该船在爱尔兰海岸附近失去了螺旋桨。他呼叫 CQD 带来了一艘英国巡洋舰的援助。1944 年，Arnson 获得了马可尼纪念成就奖章，以表彰他发送了第一个无线求救信号。到 1904 年 2 月，马可尼无线公司要求其所有操作员对遇险或需要紧急援助的船舶使用 CQD。[1]1909 年 1 月 23 日清晨，RMS Republic 从利物浦驶入纽约时，在马萨诸塞州楠塔基特岛附近的大雾中与意大利班轮 SS Florida 相撞。无线电操作员 Jack Binns 通过无线传输发送 CQD 遇险信号。
On 15 April 1912, RMS Titanic radio operator Jack Phillips initially sent “CQD”, which was still commonly used by British ships. Harold Bride, the junior radio operator, suggested using SOS, saying half-jokingly that it might be his last chance to use the new code. Phillips thereafter began to alternate between the two.[3]: 1911 Although Bride survived, Phillips perished in the sinking.
1912 年 4 月 15 日，RMS 泰坦尼克号无线电操作员杰克·菲利普斯 （Jack Phillips） 最初发送了“CQD”，该名称至今仍被英国船只普遍使用。初级无线电操作员哈罗德·布莱德 （Harold Bride） 建议使用 SOS，他半开玩笑地说这可能是他使用新代码的最后机会。此后，菲利普斯开始在两者之间交替。 虽然布莱德幸存下来，但菲利普斯在沉没中丧生。
via: pedia
Why Titanic’s first call for help wasn’t an SOS signal
为什么泰坦尼克号的第一次呼救不是 SOS 信号
RMS Titanic was outfitted with wireless technology that allowed passengers to send messages while at sea.
RMS Titanic 配备了无线技术，允许乘客在海上发送消息。
Photograph by Roger Viollet, Getty
The wireless technology that saved hundreds from the shipwreck was in its infancy, and competing distress signals didn’t help.
从沉船事故中拯救数百人的无线技术还处于起步阶段，而与之竞争的求救信号也无济于事。
By Erin Blakemore
May 28, 2020
When RMS Titanic set sail in 1912, it was blessed and cursed with the latest in communication technology—the wireless telegraph. In the last hours after Titanic hit an iceberg, radio messages sent from the storied sinking ship summoned a rescue vessel that saved hundreds of people, but also sowed confusion with competing distress calls and signal interference. More than 1,500 people died that fateful night.
当 RMS 泰坦尼克号于 1912 年启航时，它受到了最新的通信技术——无线电报的祝福和诅咒。在泰坦尼克号撞上冰山后的最后几个小时里，这艘沉没的传奇船发出的无线电信息召唤了一艘救援船，拯救了数百人，但也因相互竞争的求救电话和信号干扰而造成了混乱。在那个决定性的夜晚，有 1,500 多人丧生。
Now, a recent court ruling may pave the way to the recovery of Titanic’s telegraph, designed by Guglielmo Marconi, a telecommunications pioneer and 1909 Nobel Prize winner in physics who invented the first device to facilitate wireless communications using radio waves.
现在，最近的一项法院裁决可能为恢复泰坦尼克号的电报铺平了道路，该电报由电信先驱和 1909 年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者古列尔莫·马可尼 （Guglielmo Marconi） 设计，他发明了第一个使用无线电波促进无线通信的设备。
Initially developed in the late 1800s, the Marconi telegraph used long radio wavelengths that didn’t travel very far and were susceptible to interference. Around the same time, other radio inventors were developing more efficient ways to broadcast voices and transmit continuous wireless broadcasts on shorter wavelengths. Marconi, however, had a commercial monopoly on his wireless telegraph, cornering a luxury market for non-essential communications at sea that included Titanic.
马可尼电报最初开发于 1800 年代后期，使用长无线电波长，这些波长不会传播很远且容易受到干扰。大约在同一时间，其他无线电发明家正在开发更有效的方法来广播语音并在较短的波长上传输连续的无线广播。然而，马可尼对他的无线电报拥有商业垄断，垄断了包括泰坦尼克号在内的非必要海上通信奢侈品市场。
Despite the limitations of the Marconi telegraph—and the fact that it wasn’t intended to be used as an emergency device—Titanic was outfitted with a radio room and a Marconi-leased telegraph machine. Two young Marconi-employed operators, chief telegraphist Jack Phillips and his assistant Harold Bride, sent Morse code “Marconigrams" on behalf of Titanic’s well-heeled customers 24 hours a day during its maiden voyage in April 1912.
尽管马可尼电报存在局限性，而且它并不打算用作应急设备，但泰坦尼克号配备了一个无线电室和一台马可尼租用的电报机。两位受雇于马可尼的年轻操作员，首席电报员杰克·菲利普斯和他的助手哈罗德·布莱德，在 1912 年 4 月的处女航中，代表泰坦尼克号的富裕客户每天 24 小时发送摩尔斯电码“马可尼格”。
Both Marconi’s technology monopoly and the torrent of personal messages conveyed through Titanic’s telegraph proved fatal on that April night. Phillips was so overwhelmed by a queue of incoming and outgoing guest telegrams —one Titanic passenger wanted to “notify all interested” about an upcoming poker game in Los Angeles—that he didn’t pass on messages about the ice threatening Titanic’s ocean environs. When a nearby vessel, SS Californian, telegraphed that it was already surrounded by ice, Phillips testily responded “Shut up! I am busy.”
马可尼的技术垄断和通过泰坦尼克号电报传达的大量个人信息在那个四月的夜晚被证明是致命的。菲利普斯被一排排传入和传出的嘉宾电报压得喘不过气来——一位泰坦尼克号的乘客想“通知所有感兴趣的人”即将在洛杉矶举行的扑克游戏——以至于他没有传递有关冰层威胁泰坦尼克号海洋环境的信息。当附近的一艘名为 SS Californian 的船只发电报说它已经被冰包围时，菲利普斯愤怒地回答说：“闭嘴！我很忙。
Once Titanic hit the iceberg, Phillips tone shifted and he used the Marconi distress signal: “CQD.”
泰坦尼克号撞上冰山后，菲利普斯的语气发生了变化，他使用了马可尼的求救信号：“CQD”。
A component of the Marconi telegraph aboard the RMS Carpathia, which rescued Titanic’s survivors.
RMS Carpathia 上的马可尼电报的一个组成部分，它营救了泰坦尼克号的幸存者。
Photograph by George Rinhart, Corbis/Getty
Maritime vessels had already been calling for help using wireless since 1899, but international wireless operators had not yet come up with a standardized distress call. In 1904, Marconi operators adopted a general call sign commonly used by British telegraphers: CQ (“seek you”), plus D for “distress or danger.”
自 1899 年以来，海上船只就已经使用无线寻求帮助，但国际无线运营商尚未提出标准化的求救电话。1904 年，马可尼接线员采用了英国电报员常用的通用呼号：CQ（“寻找你”），加上 D 表示“遇险或危险”。
But by 1912 when Titanic sailed, there was another, competing distress signal on the scene: “SOS.” There’s a common misnomer that the distress call is short for “Save Our Ship” or “Save Our Souls,” but the letters didn’t stand for anything—it was an adaptation of an existing German radio call. The signal consisted of three dots, three dashes, and another three dots—simple to tap out in Morse code during an emergency and easy to understand, even in poor conditions.
但到 1912 年，当泰坦尼克号启航时，现场出现了另一个与之竞争的求救信号：“SOS”。人们普遍认为求救电话是“Save Our Ship”或“Save Our Souls”的缩写，但这两个字母并不代表任何东西——它是对现有德国无线电电话的改编。信号由三个点、三个破折号和另外三个点组成——在紧急情况下很容易用摩斯电码敲出，即使在恶劣的条件下也很容易理解。
An international group including the United Kingdom had ratified SOS as the official international distress signal four years earlier in 1908, but British and Marconi telegraph operators took their time adopting the new signal. (The United States, which resisted early international radio regulation, did not initially sign on to the SOS agreement.)
四年前，即 1908 年，包括英国在内的一个国际组织已经批准了 SOS 作为官方国际求救信号，但英国和马可尼电报运营商花了时间采用新信号。（美国抵制早期的国际无线电监管，最初并未签署 SOS 协议。
See the most complete and most intimate images of Titanic.
Rescuers from Carpathia help Titanic’s radio operator Harold Bride disembark in April 1912.
1912 年 4 月，来自喀尔巴阡号的救援人员帮助泰坦尼克号的无线电操作员哈罗德·布赖德 （Harold Bride） 下船。
Photograph by Time Life Pictures, Mansell/Getty照片由 TIME LIFE PICTURES， MANSELL/GETTY 提供
Titanic’s first calls for help used CQD—and Bride was relaxed enough to joke that perhaps Phillips should try SOS as well. “It’s the new call,” he said, “and it may be your last chance to send it.” But the ship’s plight was no laughing matter. When one of the first ships to receive Titanic’s distress call, SS Frankfurt, responded late to Titanic’s CQD call, Marconi assistant Bride was tense enough to call the Frankurt’s operator a “fool.”
泰坦尼克号的第一次求助使用了 CQD，而 Bride 很放松，开玩笑说也许 Phillips 也应该尝试 SOS。“这是新的电话，”他说，“这可能是你最后一次发送它的机会。但这艘船的困境并不是一件可笑的事情。当第一批接到泰坦尼克号求救信号的船只之一 SS Frankfurt 对泰坦尼克号的 CQD 呼叫做出迟到的回应时，马可尼的助理布莱德紧张到称弗兰库尔特号的操作员为“傻瓜”。
CQD CQD SOS DE MGY MGY - Titanic Sinking
CQD CQD SOS BY MGY - 泰坦尼克号沉没
Thread starter Brian D
Start date May 6, 2021
Brian D
Feb 17, 2006
Back in 1912 when the Titanic sank, the main mode of communications was Morse Code. In order for the radio operators to send messages quickly, they had to master the code at a rate of 40 words per minute (wpm). There were no computers or electronic keyers available at the time, it was done all by hand.
早在 1912 年泰坦尼克号沉没时，主要的通信方式是摩尔斯电码。为了让无线电操作员快速发送消息，他们必须以每分钟 40 个单词 （wpm） 的速度掌握代码。当时没有电脑或电子键控器，全是手工完成的。
Back then, radio operators were employees of a particular cruise line. They had no loyalty or comradery with other radio operators. As a result, a lot of ships within range took no action to the distress call. Some even harassed the operators of Titanic by heckling them in Morse Code. Imagine that happening today. No doubt it still does though.
那时，无线电操作员是特定邮轮公司的员工。他们与其他无线电操作员没有忠诚度或同志情谊。因此，射程内的许多船只没有对求救信号采取任何行动。有些人甚至用摩斯电码嘲讽泰坦尼克号的操作员。想象一下今天发生的事情。毫无疑问，它仍然如此。
The frequency of operation was 1 Megacycle, or what we call 1000 kHz, or 1 MHz. This is now the AM Broadcast Band as we know it. At night the range of the signal was about 1200 NM. The signal was picked up on the East Coast of the US and the West Coast of the British Isles. This is how the news organizations heard about the disaster. News organizations even tried to get survivor passenger lists from the Carpatia (Cunard Line), all done in Morse Code.
工作频率为 1 兆周，或我们所说的 1000 kHz 或 1 MHz。这就是我们现在所知道的 AM 广播频段。晚上信号范围约为 1200 海里。该信号在美国东海岸和不列颠群岛西海岸被接收到。新闻机构就是这样得知这场灾难的。新闻机构甚至试图从 Carpatia（冠达线）获取幸存者乘客名单，所有这些都是用摩尔斯电码完成的。
Here is the SOS message sent by Titanic at the speed of 40wpm. Imagine, if you will, being a radio operator on a ship and hearing this message blaring out of your headphones or speaker.
这是泰坦尼克号以 40wpm 的速度发送的 SOS 消息。想象一下，如果你愿意的话，你是船上的无线电操作员，听到耳机或扬声器里传出这条信息。
This is the message sent: “CQD CQD SOS DE MGY MGY REQUIR IMEDIAT ASISTANC POSITION 41.46 N 50.14 W”
这是发送的消息：“CQD CQD SOS DE MGY MGY REQUIR IMEDIAT ASISTANC POSITION 41.46 N 50.14 W”
CQD = Internationally recognized Distress Call at that time
CQD = 当时国际公认的遇险电话
SOS = New code for Distress Call, not yet fully recognized by shipboard operators
SOS = 遇险呼叫的新代码，尚未被船上运营商完全识别
MGY = Call Sign for the White Star Line Titanic
MGY = 白星航运泰坦尼克号的呼号
—
May 6, 2021
3
Good fist. Hand keying well at 40 wpm was/is harder than copying it.
“良好的手法”。以每分钟 40 字的速度熟练地手动发送比接收更难。
—
May 6, 2021
4
This was a replication and may have been done with an electronic keyer, or computer. But you are right. Having a “good fist” meant having proper spacing between words and letters. Seeing the abbreviation for words helped keep message length and time to a minimum.
这可能是重复实验，可能使用了电子键盘器或计算机。但你是对的。拥有“良好的手法”意味着在单词和字母之间有适当的间距。看到单词的缩写有助于保持消息长度和时间的最小化。
The history of the EPIRB
EPIRB 的历史
What is the history of the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon EPIRB?
紧急位置指示无线电信标 EPIRB 的历史
Introduction 介绍
In the vast and unforgiving expanse of the world’s oceans, where human presence is but a speck in the grandeur of nature, safety at sea has always been a paramount concern. For centuries, mariners have navigated treacherous waters with a constant awareness of the perils that can strike at any moment. Among the many innovations aimed at ensuring their safety, the Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) stands as a beacon of hope, a lifesaver born from the union of technology and necessity.
在浩瀚无垠的世界海洋中，人类的存在只是大自然壮丽中的一粒，海上安全一直是首要问题。几个世纪以来，水手们一直在险恶的水域中航行，时刻意识到随时可能袭来的危险。在旨在确保其安全的众多创新中，紧急位置指示无线电信标 （EPIRB） 是希望的灯塔，是技术和必要性结合而诞生的救星。
The birth of the EPIRB
EPIRB 的诞生
The history of the EPIRB can be traced back to the early 20th century when the world was grappling with the aftermath of the Titanic disaster. The sinking of the Titanic in 1912 revealed the critical need for better communication and rescue systems for vessels in distress. Over the ensuing decades, radio technology advanced, and efforts were made to create effective distress signaling systems.
EPIRB 的历史可以追溯到 20 世纪初，当时全世界都在努力应对泰坦尼克号灾难的后果。1912 年泰坦尼克号沉没表明，迫切需要为遇险船只提供更好的通信和救援系统。在随后的几十年里，无线电技术不断进步，人们努力创建有效的求救信号系统。
The EPIRB, as we know it today, emerged in the 1970s when technological advancements and a series of maritime disasters spurred the development of a more efficient emergency beacon. Those beacons, primarily based on radio frequency technology (VHF/AM and military UHF frequencies and operated at both 121.5MHz and 243MHz) were used to transmit distress signals to nearby civilian and military aircraft. When an aircraft received a distress signal on 121.5MHz or 243 MHz, the aircraft alerted the shoreside SAR forces and any nearby vessel to where the distress signal was detected.
正如我们今天所知道的，EPIRB 出现在 1970 年代，当时技术进步和一系列海上灾难刺激了更高效的应急信标的发展。这些信标主要基于射频技术（VHF/AM 和军用 UHF 频率，工作频率为 121.5MHz 和 243MHz）用于向附近的民用和军用飞机传输遇险信号。当飞机收到 121.5MHz 或 243 MHz 的遇险信号时，该飞机会向岸侧搜救部队和附近的任何船只发出警报，注意检测到遇险信号的位置。
In 1970, Jotron was the first in the world to develop an EPIRB and receive national approval. This first EPIRB was called the Tron 1. Approval of this EPIRB was achieved through a joint venture including the Norwegian Maritime Authority and the Civil Aviation Authority of Norway.
1970 年，Jotron 是世界上第一个开发 EPIRB 并获得国家批准的公司。 第一个 EPIRB 被称为 Tron 1。该 EPIRB 的批准是通过包括挪威海事局和挪威民航局在内的合资企业获得的。
The advent of satellite technology
卫星技术的出现
The real breakthrough for EPIRBs came with the advent of satellite technology in the late 20th century. In the 1980s, the development of the COSPAS-SARSAT satellite system revolutionized search and rescue operations at sea. An EPIRB could then transmit distress signals to satellites, which would then relay the information to ground stations, dramatically improving response times and accuracy. Jotron was at the forefront of the development of a 406MHz satellite EPIRB.E
PIRB 的真正突破是 20 世纪末卫星技术的出现。在 1980 年代，COSPAS-SARSAT 卫星系统的发展彻底改变了海上搜救行动。然后，EPIRB 可以将求救信号传输到卫星，然后卫星将信息转发到地面站，从而大大缩短响应时间和准确性。Jotron 处于 406MHz 卫星 EPIRB 开发的最前沿。
In 1989, Jotron was the first to receive Cospas-Sarsat approval, approval number TAC 001. EPIRBs evolved from simple radio beacons to sophisticated devices equipped with built-in GPS receivers, which enabled them to transmit accurate position information. This critical enhancement meant that search and rescue teams no longer had to rely solely on triangulating the source of the distress signal. They could now pinpoint the location of a vessel or individual in distress with remarkable precision. Today, the Cospas-Sarsat satellite program consists of both LEO-Sar (Loworbit) and MEOSAR (Medium Orbit) satellites which detect all 406MHz distress signals even faster.1989 年，Jotron 率先获得 Cospas-Sarsat 批准，批准编号为 TAC 001。
EPIRB 从简单的无线电信标发展为配备内置 GPS 接收器的复杂设备，这使它们能够传输准确的位置信息。这一关键的增强功能意味着搜救队不再需要仅仅依赖对遇险信号源进行三角测量。他们现在可以非常精确地确定遇险船只或个人的位置。今天，Cospas-Sarsat 卫星计划由 LEO-Sar（低轨道）和 MEOSAR（中轨道）卫星组成，它们可以更快地探测到所有 406MHz 的遇险信号。
EPIRB as a mandatory lifesaving appliance
EPIRB 作为强制性救生设备
The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships. The first version was adopted in 1914, in response to the Titanic disaster, the second in 1929, the third in 1948, and the fourth in 1960. The 1974 version included the tacit acceptance procedure. As a result, the 1974 SOLAS Convention has been updated and amended several times. Today, it is often referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as amended. The United Nations and IMO (International Maritime Organization) are responsible for revising the SOLAS convention. The IMO started working on a global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS) in the 1970s after several maritime disasters highlighted the need for a more modern and comprehensive system. In 1988, IMO adopted the GMDSS concept which was mandatory for all passenger ships and cargo ships with over 300 gross tonnages in 1999. An EPIRB is a part of the GMDSS regulation.
《国际海上人命安全公约》的后续形式被普遍认为是有关商船安全的所有国际条约中最重要的。第一个版本于 1914 年采用，以应对泰坦尼克号灾难，第二个版本于 1929 年采用，第三个版本于 1948 年采用，第四个版本于 1960 年采用。1974 年版本包括默许程序。因此，1974 年《国际海上人命安全公约》已多次更新和修订。今天，它通常被称为 SOLAS，1974 年修订版。联合国和 IMO（国际海事组织）负责修订 SOLAS 公约。在几场海上灾难凸显了对更现代和全面的系统的需求后，IMO 于 1970 年代开始研究全球海上遇险和安全系统 （GMDSS）。1988 年，IMO 采用了 GMDSS 概念，该概念在 1999 年对所有总吨位超过 300 吨的客船和货船都是强制性的。EPIRB 是 GMDSS 法规的一部分。
via:
-
The True Origination and Meaning of SOS Revealed
https://www.boatsafe.com/meaning-sos/ -
Distress calls - - CQD, SOS etc
https://navalmarinearchive.com/research/docs/sos.html -
Wireless Signals | American Experience | Official Site | PBS
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/rescue-wireless-signals/ -
Why Titanic’s first call for help wasn’t an SOS signal
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-titanic-first-call-help-not-sos-signal -
CQD CQD SOS DE MGY MGY - Titanic Sinking | Sailboat Owners Forums
https://forums.sailboatowners.com/threads/cqd-cqd-sos-de-mgy-mgy-titanic-sinking.1249929328/ -
The history of the EPIRB I Jotron I Performance for Life
https://jotron.com/solution/history-emergency-position-indicating-radio-beacon-epirb/
- “SOS Titanic. We are sinking fast." SOS 泰坦尼克号。我们正在迅速下沉
泰坦尼克号最后的求救信息——以及一些沉没幸存者的彩色照片
https://marinaamaral.substack.com/p/sos-titanic-we-are-sinking-fast