智能合约开发之众筹合约

实现一个好的idea需要付出巨大努力,并需要大量资金。可以寻求用户捐赠,或投资机构投资,但往往很难。 区块链提供了一种众筹的新形式——众筹智能合约开发。募资人通过众筹合约设定好众筹目标,以及完成时间,设定不同众筹结果所对应的操作(例如目标失败退回全款、目标成功时受益人获得加密代币或ETH)。由于区块链不可篡改的特性,开发众筹智能合约会是一个非常吻合的应用场景。在本文中,我们将使用以太坊solidity来实现一个用于众筹的智能合约开发,并给出最终实现的solidity全部代码。

代币和分布自治组织

这个例子中我们将通过解决两个重要的问题进行更好的众筹:

  • 如何管理资金,保证流动性;
  • 筹集资金后如何花钱。

区块链出现之前的众筹项目一般缺少流动性,投资人一旦错过众筹截止时间将无法参与众筹;一旦参与众筹,投资人也不能中途退出。智能合约通过发行代币的形式来记录投资额,并提供了类似股票市场的流动性。投资人可以选择交易或者继续持有。项目成功后投资者可以使用代币交换实物或者产品服务。项目失败的话投资者可以按照原先的约定退出,并且继续持有代币以表纪念。

同样,当前众筹项目也存在资金去向不明的问题。在这个项目中,我们使用DAO(分布式自治组织)记录每一笔资金去向。

智能合约开发代码

先放上代码,然后再一步步解读。

pragma solidity ^0.4.16;
interface token {
    function transfer(address receiver, uint amount);
}

contract Crowdsale {
    address public beneficiary;
    uint public fundingGoal; 
    uint public amountRaised; 
    uint public deadline; 
    uint public price;
    token public tokenReward;
    mapping(address => uint256) public balanceOf;
    bool fundingGoalReached = false; 
    bool crowdsaleClosed = false; 
    event GoalReached(address recipient, uint totalAmountRaised); 
    event FundTransfer(address backer, uint amount, bool isContribution); 
    /** * Constrctor function * * Setup the owner */
    function Crowdsale(
        address ifSuccessfulSendTo, 
        uint fundingGoalInEthers,        
        uint durationInMinutes,        
        uint etherCostOfEachToken,
        address addressOfTokenUsedAsReward    
    ) {
        beneficiary = ifSuccessfulSendTo;
        fundingGoal = fundingGoalInEthers * 1 ether;
        deadline = now + durationInMinutes * 1 minutes;
        price = etherCostOfEachToken * 1 ether;
        tokenReward = token(addressOfTokenUsedAsReward);
    }
    /** * Fallback function * * The function without name is the default function that is called whenever anyone sends funds to a contract */
    function () payable {
        require(!crowdsaleClosed); 
        uint amount = msg.value;
        balanceOf[msg.sender] += amount;
        amountRaised += amount;
        tokenReward.transfer(msg.sender, amount / price);
        FundTransfer(msg.sender, amount, true);
    }
    modifier afterDeadline() {
        if (now >= deadline) _; 
    }
    /** * Check if goal was reached * * Checks if the goal or time limit has been reached and ends the campaign */
    function checkGoalReached() afterDeadline { 
       if (amountRaised >= fundingGoal){
            fundingGoalReached = true;
            GoalReached(beneficiary, amountRaised);
        }
        crowdsaleClosed = true;
    }
    /** * Withdraw the funds * * Checks to see if goal or time limit has been reached, and if so, and the funding goal was reached, * sends the entire amount to the beneficiary. If goal was not reached, each contributor can withdraw * the amount they contributed. */
    function safeWithdrawal() afterDeadline { 
       if (!fundingGoalReached) { 
            uint amount = balanceOf[msg.sender];
            balanceOf[msg.sender] = 0; 
           if (amount > 0) { 
               if (msg.sender.send(amount)) {
                    FundTransfer(msg.sender, amount, false);
                } else {
                    balanceOf[msg.sender] = amount;
                }
            }
        } 
        if (fundingGoalReached && beneficiary == msg.sender) { 
            if (beneficiary.send(amountRaised)) {
                FundTransfer(beneficiary, amountRaised, false);
            } else { 
                //If we fail to send the funds to beneficiary, unlock funders balance
                fundingGoalReached = false;
            }
        }
    }
}

构造函数中

fundingGoal = fundingGoalInEthers * 1 ether;
deadline = now + durationInMinutes * 1 minutes;

ether和minutes是以太坊预留的关键字,1 ether == 1000 finney , 2 days == 48 hours。日期类型的关键字有seconds,minutes,hours, days,weeks,years,以太币单位预留的关键字有wei,finney,szabo,ether。1 finney == 1000 szabo,1 szabo == 10^12 wei。now也是以太坊预留的关键字,代表当前时间。

接下来我们实例化了一个合约:

tokenReward = token(addressOfTokenUsedAsReward);
token的定义在代码开头:

interface token { 
    function transfer(address receiver, uint amount){  }
}

这里我们并未实现token合约,只是告诉编译器我们的token是一个合约,具有一个transfer()函数,并且在给定的地址上有这个合约。

接下来我们看看合约如何接收资金,相关代码如下:

function () {    
    require(!crowdsaleClosed);
    uint amount = msg.value;
    // ...

这个函数很特别,它没有名字,在solidity中我们称之为回退函数(Fallback function),回退函数没有参数,也没有返回值。如果合约接收ether,则必须明确定义回退函数,否则会触发异常,并返回ether。接收ether的函数必须带有关键字payable,否则会报错。

require语句先判断众筹是否结束,如果众筹已经结束,钱将退回给主叫方,避免主叫方出现不必要的损失。

部署通过之后可以用自己的测试账户向合约地址转账,这样就可以参与众筹了。

众筹成功后,如果继续往合约地址转账,钱将会退回你的账户。

开发一个众筹智能合约是不是也不是很难?

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转载自my.oschina.net/u/3837977/blog/1808935