Oracle数据库
基础部分
序列
Create sequence seq_name
Minvalue 1
Maxvalue 999999999999999999999999999
Start with 1
Increment by 1
Cache 3000;
表
create table ACTIVITYSTATEEVENTAUDITS
(
keyvalue VARCHAR2(30) not null,
……………………..
)
-- Create/Recreate primary, unique andforeign key constraints
alter table ACTIVITYSTATEEVENTAUDITS add constraint ACTIVITYSTATEEVENTAUDITS5 primary key (OID)
视图
Create or replace view view_name as
Select * from table_name
Where ………;
Dblink
create database link db_name
connect to Q_PSMIS
同义词
create or replace synonym syno_name for table_name@dblink_name;
包
包头
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE pag_name
AS
/******************************************************************************
descript
******************************************************************************/ PROCEDURE pro_name (
obj_name IN VARCHAR,
……………….
errmess out VARCHAR,
);
END pro_name;
包体
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY pag_name
AS
/******************************************************************************
descript
******************************************************************************/
PROCEDURE pro_name (
obj_name IN VARCHAR,
……………….
errmess out VARCHAR,
);
IS
tmpvar NUMBER;
BEGIN
-------------处理的主体部分
END;
END pro_name;
存储过程
Create or replace procedure pro_name
(
Var varchar2 in ;
Num number in ;
Var varchar2 out;
)
As
Beging
--------------过程主体部分
End;
函数
create or replace function func_name(变量名 in 类型,………..) return 返回的类型
is
变量 变量类型;
………………
Begin
--------处理主体部分
Return值(与返回的类型一样)
end func_name;
触发器
Create or replace trigger tri_name
Alter/before ……------这里是触发时间类型
Update/insert/delete …….--------这里是触发事件类型
On
table_name ……..----------这里是触对象,可以是表名,ddl对象名等
declare
varvarchar2; ------------定义变量
begin
--------------------------------处理主体部分
end;
JOB
begin
sys.dbms_job.submit(job => :job,
what =>'update_pw_oms_emergency_car;',---这里是要调用的过程名
next_date =>to_date('13-03-2011 22:00:00', 'dd-mm-yyyy hh24:mi:ss'),
interval =>'trunc(sysdate+1,''DD'')+22/24');
commit;
end;
1:每分钟执行
Interval =>TRUNC(sysdate,'mi') + 1/ (24*60)
或
Interval =>sysdate+1/1440
2:每天定时执行
例如：每天的凌晨1点执行
Interval =>TRUNC(sysdate) + 1 +1/ (24)
3:每周定时执行
例如：每周一凌晨1点执行
Interval =>TRUNC(next_day(sysdate,'星期一'))+1/24
4:每月定时执行
例如：每月1日凌晨1点执行
Interval=>TRUNC(LAST_DAY(SYSDATE))+1+1/24
5:每季度定时执行
例如每季度的第一天凌晨1点执行
Interval =>TRUNC(ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE,3),'Q') + 1/24
6:每半年定时执行
例如：每年7月1日和1月1日凌晨1点
Interval =>ADD_MONTHS(trunc(sysdate,'yyyy'),6)+1/24
7:每年定时执行
例如：每年1月1日凌晨1点执行
Interval =>ADD_MONTHS(trunc(sysdate,'yyyy'),12)+1/24
固化视图
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW PW_EIP_TODOTASK
REFRESH COMPLETE ON DEMAND
AS
select ..... from tab_name
where .......;
JAVA存储过程
高级部分
表空间
创建表空间
CREATE TABLESPACE tablespace_name datafile 'E:\ora_data\tablespaces\KKX_GD.ora'
SIZE 5M autoextend on next 64m maxsize unlimited extent management local uniformsize 256K ;
增加表空间文件
Alter database add datafile 'E:\ora_data\tablespaces\KKX_GD1.ora'
SIZE 5M autoextend on next 64m maxsize unlimited extent management local uniformsize 256K ;
修改表空间大小
Alter database datafile 'E:\ora_data\tablespaces\KKX_GD1.ora'resize 100m;
常用用户授权
1.数据库管理员系统权限（数据库实体管理部分）
ADUIT ANY
CREATE ANY CLUSTER
ALTER ANY CLUSTER
DROP ANY CLUSTER
CREATE ANY INDEX
ALTER ANY INDEX
DROP ANY INDEX
GRANT ANY PRIVILEGE
CREATE ANY PROCEDURE
ALTER ANY PROCEDURE
DROP ANY PROCEDURE
EXECUTE ANY PROCEDURE
ALTER ANY ROLE
DROP ANY ROLE
GRANT ANY ROLE
CREATE ANY SEQUENCE
ALTER ANY SEQUENCE
DROP ANY SEQUENCE
SELECT ANY SEQUENCE
CREATE ANY SNAPSHOT
ALTER ANY SNAPSHOT
DROP ANY SNAPSHOT
CREATE ANY SYSNONYM
DROP ANY SYSNONYM
CREATE ANY TABLE
ALTER ANY TABLE
DROP ANY TABLE
LOCK ANY TABLE
COMMENT ANY TABLE
SELECT ANY TABLE
INSERT ANY TABLE
UPDATE ANY TABLE
DELETE ANY TABLE
CREATE ANY TRIGGER
ALTER ANY TRIGGER
DROP ANY TRIGGER
CREATE ANY VIEW
DROP ANY VIEW
CREATE ANY TYPE
DROP ANY TYPE
CREATE ANY LIBRARY
DROP ANY LIBRARY
2.数据库管理系统权限(数据库维护部分)
ALTER DATABASE
CREATE PROFILE
ALTER PROFILE
DROP PROFILE
ALTER RESOURCE COST
CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK
DROP PUBLIC DATABASE LINK
CREATE ROLE
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT
DROP ROLLBACK SEGMENT
ALTER SYSTEM
CREATE TABLESPACE
ALTER TABLESPACE
MANAGE TABLESPACE
ALTER USER
DROP USER
CREATE SESSION
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM
DROP PUBLIC SYNONYM
UNLIMITED TABLESPACE
CREATE ROLE
DROP ROLE
3.数据库开发用户系统权限表
grant CREATE CLUSTER
grant DROP CLUSTER
grant CREATE PROCEDURE
grant DROP PROCEDURE
grant CREATE DATABASE LINK
grant CREATE SYSNONYM
grant DROP SYNONYM
grant CREATE SEQUENCE
grant CREATE SNAPSHOTP
grant CREATE TABLE
grant CREATE VIEW
grant CREATE TYPE
grant CREATE LIBRARY
SQL性能优化
表空间、内存、CPU的使用率
#检查表空间使用情况
select f.tablespace_name,
a.total,
f.free,
(a.total - f.free) / 1024 "used SIZE(G)",
round((f.free / a.total) * 100) "% Free"
from (select tablespace_name, sum(bytes / (1024 * 1024)) total
from dba_data_files
group by tablespace_name) a,
(select tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes / (1024 * 1024))) free
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name) f
WHEREa.tablespace_name = f.tablespace_name(+)
order by "% Free"
#查询临时segment使用情况
SELECT username,
segtype,
extents "ExtentsAllocated",
blocks "BlocksAllocated"
FROM v$tempseg_usage;
#查看数据文件信息
SELECT fs.phyrds "Reads",
fs.phywrts "Writes",
fs.avgiotim "Average I/O Time",
df.name "Datafile"
FROM v$datafile df, v$filestat fs
WHERE df.file# = fs.file#;
#查看所有数据文件i/o情况
SELECT ts.name AS ts,
fs.phyrds "Reads",
fs.phywrts "Writes",
fs.phyblkrd AS br,
fs.phyblkwrt AS bw,
fs.readtim "RTime",
fs.writetim "WTime"
FROM v$tablespace ts, v$datafile df, v$filestat fs
WHERE ts.ts# = df.ts#
AND df.file# = fs.file#
UNION
SELECT ts.name AS ts,
ts.phyrds "Reads",
ts.phywrts "Writes",
ts.phyblkrd AS br,
ts.phyblkwrt AS bw,
ts.readtim "RTime",
ts.writetim "WTime"
FROM v$tablespace ts, v$tempfile tf, v$tempstat ts
WHERE ts.ts# = tf.ts#
AND tf.file# = ts.file#
ORDER BY 1;
#获取top 10 热segment
select *
from (select ob.owner, ob.object_name, sum(b.TS#) Touchs
from v$bh b, dba_objects ob
where b.OBJD = ob.data_object_id
and b.ts# > 0
group by ob.owner, ob.object_name
order by sum(b.ts#) desc)
where rownum <= 10
#判断物理读最多的object
select *
from (select owner, object_name, value
from v$segment_statistics
where statistic_name = 'physical reads'
order by value desc)
where rownum <= 10
#查看热点数据文件(从单块读取时间判断)
SELECT t.file_name,
t.tablespace_name,
round(s.singleblkrdtim / s.singleblkrds, 2) AS CS,
s.READTIM,
s.WRITETIM
FROM v$filestat s, dba_data_files t
WHERE s.file# = t.file_id
and rownum <= 10
order by cs desc;
******************************查看redo
#检查日志切换频率
select sequence#,
to_char(first_time, 'yyyymmdd_hh24:mi:ss') firsttime,
round((first_time - lag(first_time) over(order by first_time)) * 24 *60,
2) minutes
from v$log_history
where first_time > sysdate - 1
orderby first_time, minutes;
#检查lgwr i/o性能(time_waited/total_waits：表示平均lgwr写入完成时间若>1表示写入过慢)
select total_waits,
time_waited,
average_wait,
time_waited / total_waits as avg
from v$system_event
where event = 'log file parallel write';
#检查与redo相关性能指标
select name,value from v$sysstat where namelike '%redo%';
#查看redo allocation latch
select name, gets, misses, misses / gets
from v$latch_children
where name = 'redo allocation';
#查看与redo相关等待事件
select event, total_waits, total_timeouts,average_wait
from v$system_event
where upper(event) like '%REDO%';
#查看session redo event
selectevent,total_waits,total_timeouts,average_wait from v$session_event whereupper(event) like'%REDO%';
#查看系统运行时间
select (sysdate - startup_time)*24*60*60 asseconds from v$instance
#计算出每个事务平均处理多少个redo block
select value from v$sysstat where name ='redo blocks written';
***************************sga,pga,命中率
#查看buffer cache 命中率
select 1 - (sum(decode(name, 'physicalreads', value, 0)) /
(sum(decode(name, 'db block gets', value, 0)) +
(sum(decode(name, 'consistent gets', value, 0))))) "Buffer HitRatio"
from v$sysstat;
#查看buffer cache建议
1.select size_for_estimate,
estd_physical_read_factor,
to_char(estd_physical_reads, 99999999999999999999999)as"estd_physical_reads"
from v$db_cache_advice
where name = 'DEFAULT';
2.SELECT (SELECT ROUND(value / 1024 / 1024,0)
FROM v$parameter
WHERE name = 'db_cache_size') "Current Cache(Mb)",
name "Pool",
size_for_estimate "ProjectedCache(Mb)",
ROUND(100 - estd_physical_read_factor, 0) "Cache Hit Ratio%"
FROM v$db_cache_advice
WHERE block_size =
(SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE name = 'db_block_size')
ORDER BY 3;
#查看buffer cache中defalut pool 命中率
select name, 1 - (physical_reads) /(consistent_gets + db_block_gets)
from v$buffer_pool_statistics;
#检查shared pool中library cache
select namespace,pinhitratio fromv$librarycache;
#检查整体命中率(library cache)
select sum(pins) "hits",
sum(reloads) "misses",
sum(pins)/(sum(pins)+sum(reloads))"Hits Ratio"
from v$librarycache;
#检查shered pool free space
SELECT *
FROM V$SGASTAT
WHERE NAME = 'free memory'
AND POOL = 'shared pool';
1. 监控事例的等待
select event,sum(decode(wait_Time,0,0,1))"Prev",
sum(decode(wait_Time,0,1,0))"Curr",count(*) "Tot"
from v$session_Wait
group by event order by 4;
2. 回滚段的争用情况
select name, waits, gets, waits/gets"Ratio"
from v$rollstat a, v$rollname b
where a.usn = b.usn;
3. 监控表空间的 I/O 比例
select df.tablespace_name name,
df.file_name "file",
f.phyrds pyr,
f.phyblkrd pbr,
f.phywrts pyw,
f.phyblkwrt pbw
from v$filestat f, dba_data_files df
where f.file# = df.file_id
order by df.tablespace_name;
4. 监控文件系统的 I/O 比例
select substr(a.file#, 1, 2) "#",
substr(a.name, 1, 30) "Name",
a.status,
a.bytes,
b.phyrds,
b.phywrts
from v$datafile a, v$filestat b
where a.file# = b.file#;
6. 监控 SGA 的命中率
select a.value + b.value"logical_reads",
c.value "phys_reads",
round(100 * ((a.value + b.value) - c.value) / (a.value + b.value))"BUFFER HIT RATIO"
from v$sysstat a, v$sysstat b, v$sysstat c
where a.statistic# = 38
and b.statistic# = 39
and c.statistic# = 40;
7. 监控 SGA 中字典缓冲区的命中率
select parameter,
gets,
Getmisses,
getmisses / (gets + getmisses) * 100 "miss ratio",
(1 - (sum(getmisses) / (sum(gets) + sum(getmisses)))) * 100 "Hitratio"
from v$rowcache
wheregets + getmisses <> 0
group by parameter, gets, getmisses;
8. 监控 SGA 中共享缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%
1.select sum(pins) "Total Pins",
select sum(pins) "Total Pins",
sum(reloads) "Total Reloads",
sum(reloads) / sum(pins) * 100 libcache
from v$librarycache;
2.select sum(pinhits-reloads)/sum(pins)"hit radio",sum(reloads)/sum(pins) "reload percent"
from v$librarycache;
10. 监控 SGA 中重做日志缓存区的命中率，应该小于1%
SELECT name,
gets,
misses,
immediate_gets,
immediate_misses,
Decode(gets, 0, 0, misses / gets * 100) ratio1,
Decode(immediate_gets + immediate_misses,
0,
0,
immediate_misses /(immediate_gets + immediate_misses) * 100) ratio2
FROM v$latch
WHERE name IN ('redo allocation', 'redocopy');
11. 监控内存和硬盘的排序比率，最好使它小于 .10，增加 sort_area_size
SELECT name, value
FROM v$sysstat
WHERE name IN ('sorts (memory)', 'sorts(disk)');
13. 监控字典缓冲区
SELECT (SUM(PINS - RELOADS)) / SUM(PINS)"LIB CACHE" ,FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
SELECT (SUM(GETS - GETMISSES - USAGE - FIXED))/ SUM(GETS) "ROW CACHE" FROM V$ROWCACHE;
SELECT SUM(PINS) "EXECUTIONS",SUM(RELOADS) "CACHE MISSES WHILE EXECUTING", FROM V$LIBRARYCACHE;
后者除以前者,此比率小于1%,接近0%为好。
SELECT SUM(GETS) "DICTIONARYGETS",SUM(GETMISSES) "DICTIONARY CACHE GET MISSES"
FROM V$ROWCACHE
14. 找ORACLE字符集
select * from sys.props$ wherename='NLS_CHARACTERSET';
16. 碎片程度
select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name)
from dba_free_space
group by tablespace_name
having count(tablespace_name) > 10;
查看碎片程度高的表
SELECT segment_name table_name, COUNT(*)extents
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
GROUP BY segment_name
HAVING COUNT(*) = (SELECT MAX(COUNT(*))
FROM dba_segments
GROUP BY segment_name);
17. 表、索引的存储情况检查
select segment_name, sum(bytes) space,count(*) ext_quan
from dba_extents
where segment_type = 'TABLE'
group by tablespace_name, segment_name;
死锁
1.查看锁情况
select /*+ RULE */
ls.osuser os_user_name,
ls.username user_name,
decode(ls.type,
'RW',
'Row wait enqueue lock',
'TM',
'DML enqueue lock',
'TX',
'Transaction enqueue lock',
'UL',
'User supplied lock') lock_type,
o.object_name object,
decode(ls.lmode,
1,
null,
2,
'Row Share',
3,
'Row Exclusive',
4,
'Share',
5,
'Share Row Exclusive',
6,
'Exclusive',
null) lock_mode,
o.owner,
ls.sid,
ls.serial# serial_num,
ls.id1,
ls.id2
from sys.dba_objects o,
(select s.osuser,
s.username,
l.type,
l.lmode,
s.sid,
s.serial#,
l.id1,
l.id2
from v$session s, v$lock l
where s.sid = l.sid) ls
where o.object_id = ls.id1
and o.owner <> 'SYS'
order by o.owner, o.object_name
--查询锁定状态的session
SELECT s.username,
l.OBJECT_ID,
l.SESSION_ID,
s.SERIAL#,
l.ORACLE_USERNAME,
l.OS_USER_NAME,
l.PROCESS
FROM V$LOCKED_OBJECT l, V$SESSION S
WHERE l.SESSION_ID = S.SID
--查询指定的某个session,通过status字段判断是否处于锁定状态
select t.STATUS from V$SESSION t where sid = 1029
2.杀掉进程 kill session
alter system kill session 'sid,serial_num';