窗口函数 (Window Function) 的使用

 

从SQL Server 2005起,SQL Server开始支持窗口函数 (Window Function),以及到SQL Server 2012,窗口函数功能增强,目前为止支持以下几种窗口函数:

1. 排序函数 (Ranking Function) ;

2. 聚合函数 (Aggregate Function) ;

3. 分析函数 (Analytic Function) ;

4. NEXT VALUE FOR Function, 这是给sequence专用的一个函数;

. 排序函数(Ranking Function)

帮助文档里的代码示例很全。

排序函数中,ROW_NUMBER()较为常用,可用于去重、分页、分组中选择数据,生成数字辅助表等等;

排序函数在语法上要求OVER子句里必须含ORDER BY,否则语法不通过,对于不想排序的场景可以这样变通;

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drop table if exists test_ranking

create table test_ranking
( 
id int not null,
name varchar(20) not null,
value int not null
) 

insert test_ranking 
select 1,'name1',1 union all 
select 1,'name2',2 union all 
select 2,'name3',2 union all 
select 3,'name4',2

select id , name, ROW_NUMBER() over (PARTITION by id ORDER BY name) as num
from test_ranking

select id , name, ROW_NUMBER() over (PARTITION by id) as num
from test_ranking
/*
Msg 4112, Level 15, State 1, Line 1
The function 'ROW_NUMBER' must have an OVER clause with ORDER BY.
*/

--ORDERY BY后面给一个和原表无关的派生列
select id , name, ROW_NUMBER() over (PARTITION by id ORDER BY GETDATE()) as num
from test_ranking

select id , name, ROW_NUMBER() over (PARTITION by id ORDER BY (select 0)) as num
from test_ranking

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. 聚合函数 (Aggregate Function)

SQL Server 2005中,窗口聚合函数仅支持PARTITION BY,也就是说仅能对分组的数据整体做聚合运算;

SQL Server 2012开始,窗口聚合函数支持ORDER BY,以及ROWS/RAGNE选项,原本需要子查询来实现的需求,如: 移动平均 (moving averages), 总计聚合 (cumulative aggregates), 累计求和 (running totals) 等,变得更加方便;

代码示例1:总计/小计/累计求和

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drop table if exists test_aggregate;

create table test_aggregate
(
event_id      varchar(100),
rk            int,
price         int
)

insert into test_aggregate
values
('a',1,10),
('a',2,10),
('a',3,50),
('b',1,10),
('b',2,20),
('b',3,30)


--1. 没有窗口函数时,用子查询
select a.event_id, 
       a.rk,  --build ranking column if needed
       a.price, 
     (select sum(price) from test_aggregate b where b.event_id = a.event_id and b.rk <= a.rk) as totalprice 
  from test_aggregate a


--2. 从SQL Server 2012起,用窗口函数
--2.1 
--没有PARTITION BY, 没有ORDER BY,为全部总计;
--只有PARTITION BY, 没有ORDER BY,为分组小计;
--只有ORDER BY,没有PARTITION BY,为全部累计求和(RANGE选项,见2.2)
select *,
     sum(price) over() as TotalPrice,
     sum(price) over(partition by event_id) as SubTotalPrice,
       sum(price) over(order by rk) as RunningTotalPrice
  from test_aggregate a

--2.2 注意ORDER BY列的选择,可能会带来不同结果
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     sum(price) over(partition by event_id order by rk) as totalprice 
  from test_aggregate a
/*
event_id    rk    price    totalprice
a    1    10    10
a    2    10    20
a    3    50    70
b    1    10    10
b    2    20    30
b    3    30    60
*/

select *,
     sum(price) over(partition by event_id order by price) as totalprice 
  from test_aggregate a
/*
event_id    rk    price    totalprice
a    1    10    20
a    2    10    20
a    3    50    70
b    1    10    10
b    2    20    30
b    3    30    60
*/

--因为ORDER BY还有个子选项ROWS/RANGE,不指定的情况下默认为RANGE UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW 
--RANGE按照ORDER BY中的列值,将相同的值的行均视为当前同一行
select  *,sum(price) over(partition by event_id order by price) as totalprice from test_aggregate a
select  *,sum(price) over(partition by event_id order by price range between unbounded preceding and current row) as totalprice from test_aggregate a

--如果ORDER BY中的列值有重复值,手动改用ROWS选项即可实现逐行累计求和
select  *,sum(price) over(partition by event_id order by price rows between unbounded preceding and current row) as totalprice from test_aggregate a

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转载自blog.csdn.net/qq_39443136/article/details/81067231