写在前面
Virtual DOM的概念相信大家都不会陌生,Vritual DOM是相对与DOM(文档对象模型)来说的,MDN上关于DOM的定义:“DOM模型用一个逻辑树来表示一个文档,树的每个分支的终点都是一个节点(node),每个节点都包含着对象(objects)。DOM的方法(methods)让你可以用特定方式操作这个树,用这些方法你可以改变文档的结构、样式或者内容”。相对于频繁地去操作DOM引起的性能问题,Vritual DOM很好地将DOM做了一层映射关系,将原来需要在DOM上的一系列操作,映射到来操作Virtual DOM。
“昂贵”的DOM
为了有更直观地感受“昂贵”的DOM,现在将一个简单的div元素的所有属性值打印出来:
let div = document.createElement('div')
let str = ''
for (let key in div) {
str += key + ' '
}
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打印出来的str值为:
可见,真正的DOM元素是非常庞大的,因为浏览器把DOM设计地非常复杂,所以当我们频繁地去更新DOM时,会产生一定的性能问题。可以想象,用简单粗暴的方法将整个DOM结构用innerHTML修改到页面上,这样进行重绘整个视图层是相当消耗性能的。那我们更新DOM时,能不能只更新修改的地方呢?
VNode
来看一下Vue.js源码中关于VNode的定义,定义在src/core/vdom/vnode.js中:
export default class VNode {
tag: string | void;
data: VNodeData | void;
children: ?Array<VNode>;
text: string | void;
elm: Node | void;
ns: string | void;
context: Component | void; // rendered in this component's scope
key: string | number | void;
componentOptions: VNodeComponentOptions | void;
componentInstance: Component | void; // component instance
parent: VNode | void; // component placeholder node
// strictly internal
raw: boolean; // contains raw HTML? (server only)
isStatic: boolean; // hoisted static node
isRootInsert: boolean; // necessary for enter transition check
isComment: boolean; // empty comment placeholder?
isCloned: boolean; // is a cloned node?
isOnce: boolean; // is a v-once node?
asyncFactory: Function | void; // async component factory function
asyncMeta: Object | void;
isAsyncPlaceholder: boolean;
ssrContext: Object | void;
fnContext: Component | void; // real context vm for functional nodes
fnOptions: ?ComponentOptions; // for SSR caching
fnScopeId: ?string; // functional scope id support
constructor (
tag?: string,
data?: VNodeData,
children?: ?Array<VNode>,
text?: string,
elm?: Node,
context?: Component,
componentOptions?: VNodeComponentOptions,
asyncFactory?: Function
) {
this.tag = tag
this.data = data
this.children = children
this.text = text
this.elm = elm
this.ns = undefined
this.context = context
this.fnContext = undefined
this.fnOptions = undefined
this.fnScopeId = undefined
this.key = data && data.key
this.componentOptions = componentOptions
this.componentInstance = undefined
this.parent = undefined
this.raw = false
this.isStatic = false
this.isRootInsert = true
this.isComment = false
this.isCloned = false
this.isOnce = false
this.asyncFactory = asyncFactory
this.asyncMeta = undefined
this.isAsyncPlaceholder = false
}
// DEPRECATED: alias for componentInstance for backwards compat.
/* istanbul ignore next */
get child (): Component | void {
return this.componentInstance
}
}
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其中:
tag: 当前节点的标签名
data: 当前节点对应的对象,包含了具体的一些数据信息,是一个VNodeData类型,可以参考VNodeData类型中的数据信息
children: 当前节点的子节点,是一个数组
text: 当前节点的文本
elm: 当前虚拟节点对应的真实dom节点
ns: 当前节点的名字空间
context: 当前节点的编译作用域
functionalContext: 函数化组件作用域
key: 节点的key属性,被当作节点的标志,用以优化
componentOptions: 组件的option选项
componentInstance: 当前节点对应的组件的实例
parent: 当前节点的父节点
raw: 简而言之就是是否为原生HTML或只是普通文本,innerHTML的时候为true,textContent的时候为false
isStatic: 是否为静态节点
isRootInsert: 是否作为跟节点插入
isComment: 是否为注释节点
isCloned: 是否为克隆节点
isOnce: 是否有v-once指令
举个例子,我们现在有这样一个Vritual DOM:
{
tag: 'div'
data: {
class: 'outer'
},
children: [
{
tag: 'div',
data: {
class: 'inner'
}
text: 'Virtual DOM'
}
]
}
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渲染之后的真实DOM为:
<div class="outer">
<span class="inner">Virtual DOM</span>
</div>
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创建一个空VNode节点
export const createEmptyVNode = (text: string = '') => {
const node = new VNode()
node.text = text
node.isComment = true
return node
}
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创建一个文本节点
export function createTextVNode (val: string | number) {
return new VNode(undefined, undefined, undefined, String(val))
}
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克隆一个VNode节点
export function cloneVNode (vnode: VNode): VNode {
const cloned = new VNode(
vnode.tag,
vnode.data,
vnode.children,
vnode.text,
vnode.elm,
vnode.context,
vnode.componentOptions,
vnode.asyncFactory
)
cloned.ns = vnode.ns
cloned.isStatic = vnode.isStatic
cloned.key = vnode.key
cloned.isComment = vnode.isComment
cloned.fnContext = vnode.fnContext
cloned.fnOptions = vnode.fnOptions
cloned.fnScopeId = vnode.fnScopeId
cloned.asyncMeta = vnode.asyncMeta
cloned.isCloned = true
return cloned
}
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总的来说,VNode 就是一个 JavaScript 对象,用 JavaScript 对象的属性来描述当前节点的一些状态,用 VNode 节点的形式来模拟一棵 Virtual DOM 树。
更新视图
我们知道,Vue.js通过数据绑定来更新视图,其中会调用updateComponent方法,对这一流程不太明白的话可以看一下上边提到的两篇文章。updateComponent方法定义如下:
updateComponent = () => {
vm._update(vm._render(), hydrating)
}
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该方法会调用vm._update方法,该方法接受的第一个参数是刚生成的VNode,定义在src/core/instance/lifecycle.js中:
Vue.prototype._update = function (vnode: VNode, hydrating?: boolean) {
const vm: Component = this
const prevEl = vm.$el
const prevVnode = vm._vnode
const prevActiveInstance = activeInstance
activeInstance = vm
vm._vnode = vnode
// Vue.prototype.__patch__ is injected in entry points
// based on the rendering backend used.
if (!prevVnode) {
// initial render
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(vm.$el, vnode, hydrating, false /* removeOnly */)
} else {
// updates
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(prevVnode, vnode)
}
activeInstance = prevActiveInstance
// update __vue__ reference
if (prevEl) {
prevEl.__vue__ = null
}
if (vm.$el) {
vm.$el.__vue__ = vm
}
// if parent is an HOC, update its $el as well
if (vm.$vnode && vm.$parent && vm.$vnode === vm.$parent._vnode) {
vm.$parent.$el = vm.$el
}
// updated hook is called by the scheduler to ensure that children are
// updated in a parent's updated hook.
}
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其中在关键的地方加上注释:
// 新的vnode
vm._vnode = vnode
// Vue.prototype.__patch__ is injected in entry points
// based on the rendering backend used.
// 如果需要diff的prevVnode不存在,那么就用新的vnode创建一个真实dom节点
if (!prevVnode) {
// initial render
// 第一个参数为真实的node节点
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(
vm.$el, vnode, hydrating, false /* removeOnly */,
vm.$options._parentElm,
vm.$options._refElm
)
} else {
// updates
// 如果需要diff的prevVnode存在,那么首先对prevVnode和vnode进行diff,并将需要的更新的dom操作已patch的形式打到prevVnode上,并完成真实dom的更新工作
vm.$el = vm.__patch__(prevVnode, vnode)
}
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可以看到,该方法调用了一个核心方法__patch__,这可以说是整个Virtual DOM最核心的方法,主要完成了新的虚拟DOM节点和旧的虚拟DOM节点的diff过程,经过patch过程之后生成真实的DOM节点并完成视图的更新工作。
patch
接下来我们看一下vm.__patch__方法到底发生了什么,定义在src/core/vdom/patch.js中:
return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
if (isUndef(vnode)) {
if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
return
}
let isInitialPatch = false
const insertedVnodeQueue = []
if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
// empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
isInitialPatch = true
createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
} else {
const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
// patch existing root node
patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
} else {
if (isRealElement) {
// mounting to a real element
// check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
// a successful hydration.
if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
hydrating = true
}
if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
return oldVnode
} else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
warn(
'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
'<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
'full client-side render.'
)
}
}
// either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
// create an empty node and replace it
oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
}
// replacing existing element
const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)
// create new node
createElm(
vnode,
insertedVnodeQueue,
// extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
// leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
// keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
)
// update parent placeholder node element, recursively
if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
let ancestor = vnode.parent
const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
while (ancestor) {
for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
}
ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
if (patchable) {
for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
}
// #6513
// invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
// e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
if (insert.merged) {
// start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
insert.fns[i]()
}
}
} else {
registerRef(ancestor)
}
ancestor = ancestor.parent
}
}
// destroy old node
if (isDef(parentElm)) {
removeVnodes(parentElm, [oldVnode], 0, 0)
} else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
}
}
}
invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
return vnode.elm
}
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通过源码我们可以发现,当oldVnode(旧的节点)与vnode(新的节点)在sameVnode的时候才会进行patchVnode,sameVnode这个方法决定是否要对oldvnode和vnode进行diff和patch的过程。也就是新旧VNode节点判定为同一节点的时候才会进行patchVnode这个过程,否则就是创建新的DOM,移除旧的DOM。下面介绍一下sameVnode方法:
sameVnode
sameVnode定义在src/core/vdom/patch.js中:
function sameVnode (a, b) {
return (
a.key === b.key && (
(
a.tag === b.tag &&
a.isComment === b.isComment &&
isDef(a.data) === isDef(b.data) &&
sameInputType(a, b)
) || (
isTrue(a.isAsyncPlaceholder) &&
a.asyncFactory === b.asyncFactory &&
isUndef(b.asyncFactory.error)
)
)
)
}
function sameInputType (a, b) {
if (a.tag !== 'input') return true
let i
const typeA = isDef(i = a.data) && isDef(i = i.attrs) && i.type
const typeB = isDef(i = b.data) && isDef(i = i.attrs) && i.type
return typeA === typeB || isTextInputType(typeA) && isTextInputType(typeB)
}
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通过代码可以看出,只有当新旧两个VNode的tag、key、isComment都相同,与此同时定义或未定义data的时候,且如果标签为input则type必须相同。这时候这新旧两个VNode则算sameVnode,接着进行进行patchVnode操作。
diff算法
Vue在2.x版本的vdom算法是基于snabbdom算法所做的修改实现的。
updateChildren
updateChildren源码的定义在src/core/vdom/patch.js中:
function updateChildren (parentElm, oldCh, newCh, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
let oldStartIdx = 0
let newStartIdx = 0
let oldEndIdx = oldCh.length - 1
let oldStartVnode = oldCh[0]
let oldEndVnode = oldCh[oldEndIdx]
let newEndIdx = newCh.length - 1
let newStartVnode = newCh[0]
let newEndVnode = newCh[newEndIdx]
let oldKeyToIdx, idxInOld, vnodeToMove, refElm
// removeOnly is a special flag used only by <transition-group>
// to ensure removed elements stay in correct relative positions
// during leaving transitions
const canMove = !removeOnly
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
checkDuplicateKeys(newCh)
}
while (oldStartIdx <= oldEndIdx && newStartIdx <= newEndIdx) {
if (isUndef(oldStartVnode)) {
oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx] // Vnode has been moved left
} else if (isUndef(oldEndVnode)) {
oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
} else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode)) {
patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
} else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode)) {
patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
} else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode)) { // Vnode moved right
patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, nodeOps.nextSibling(oldEndVnode.elm))
oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
} else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode)) { // Vnode moved left
patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldEndVnode.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
} else {
if (isUndef(oldKeyToIdx)) oldKeyToIdx = createKeyToOldIdx(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
idxInOld = isDef(newStartVnode.key)
? oldKeyToIdx[newStartVnode.key]
: findIdxInOld(newStartVnode, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
if (isUndef(idxInOld)) { // New element
createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
} else {
vnodeToMove = oldCh[idxInOld]
if (sameVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode)) {
patchVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
oldCh[idxInOld] = undefined
canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, vnodeToMove.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
} else {
// same key but different element. treat as new element
createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
}
}
newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
}
}
if (oldStartIdx > oldEndIdx) {
refElm = isUndef(newCh[newEndIdx + 1]) ? null : newCh[newEndIdx + 1].elm
addVnodes(parentElm, refElm, newCh, newStartIdx, newEndIdx, insertedVnodeQueue)
} else if (newStartIdx > newEndIdx) {
removeVnodes(parentElm, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
}
}
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这一块的源码解析可以参考snabbdom源码学习。