《android framework常用api源码分析》之handler消息机制

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《android framework常用api源码分析》android生态在中国已经发展非常庞大了,一方面是因为手机移动端的覆盖,另一方面是从事android开发的人也月来越多。那么用人单位对android要求也变了,对android不仅要熟练使用而且要懂得原理。而就程序员自身阅读源码有什么那些?这里我通过自己理解归纳了一下。

  1. 提高程序执行效率,正确理解api可以高效使用,优化内存和执行效率。

  2. 避免八阿哥强势逆袭,android开发同学都知道android找bug比较麻烦,尤其是一下jni底层调用错误信息不够明确地方更加难找。

  3. 帮助自己写出优雅的代码,开发需要规范,而源码中有很多优秀的谷歌规范。

  4. 优秀的设计模式,帮助自己提升程序造诣。

  5. 黑科技,通过反射高一些api不能够达到的功能,例如插件化、热更新。

上面是简单个人理解,有更多补充欢迎留言。所以这里准备出一个系列的文章来分析android framework api, 这些文章也是来自整理于网络,所以要感谢那些具有分享精神的大神们。

文章目录:

  1. apk 打包过程解析。
  2. handler 消息机制。
  3. AsyncTask 异步任务。
  4. HandlerThread handler线程。
  5. IntentService意图服务。
  6. Zygote进程。
  7. SystemServer进程。
  8. Launcher 程序。
  9. app 进程启动流程。
  10. 系统app启动安装流程。
  11. app应用安装流程。
  12. Activity启动流程。
  13. LruCache内存缓存

android异步消息机制是非常重要的android机制,他属于三大机制之一,android三大机制包括view机制、binder进程通讯机制、handler消息机制。
handler机制几乎贯穿与android所有地方,生命周期进程通讯之后回调,app运行之后主线程的消息looper、线程间的通讯等。所以我们来看看handler机制什么之处。

(一)Handler的常规使用方式

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    public static final String TAG = MainActivity.class.getSimpleName();
    private TextView texttitle = null;

    /**
     * 在主线程中定义Handler,并实现对应的handleMessage方法
     */
    public static Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg.what == 101) {
                Log.i(TAG, "接收到handler消息...");
            }
        }
    };

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

        texttitle = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.texttitle);
        texttitle.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                new Thread() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        // 在子线程中发送异步消息
                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(101);
                    }
                }.start();
            }
        });
    }
}

可以看出,一般handler的使用方式都是在主线程中定义Handler,然后在子线程中调用mHandler.sendEmptyMessage();方法,然么这里有一个疑问了,我们可以在子线程中定义Handler么?

(二)如何在子线程中定义Handler?

我们在子线程中定义Handler,看看结果:

texttitle.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                new Thread() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                            @Override
                            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                                if (msg.what == 101) {
                                    Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
                                }
                            }
                        };
                    }
                }.start();
            }
        });

点击按钮并运行这段代码:
这里写图片描述

可以看出来在子线程中定义Handler对象出错了,难道Handler对象的定义或者是初始化只能在主线程中?
其实不是这样的,错误信息中提示的已经很明显了,在初始化Handler对象之前需要调用Looper.prepare()方法,那么好了,我们添加这句代码再次执行一次:

texttitle.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(View v) {
                new Thread() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {
                        Looper.prepare();
                        Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                            @Override
                            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                                if (msg.what == 101) {
                                    Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
                                }
                            }
                        };
                    }
                }.start();
            }
        });

再次点击按钮执行该段代码之后,程序已经不会报错了,那么这说明初始化Handler对象的时候我们是需要调用Looper.prepare()的,那么主线程中为什么可以直接初始化Handler呢?

其实不是这样的,在App初始化的时候会执行ActivityThread的main方法:

public static void main(String[] args) {
        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
        SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();

        // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy.  We
        // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
        // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
        CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);

        Environment.initForCurrentUser();

        // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
        EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());

        AndroidKeyStoreProvider.install();

        // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
        final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
        TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);

        Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");

        Looper.prepareMainLooper();

        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);

        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }

        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }

        // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        Looper.loop();

        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }

可以看到原来Looper.prepare()方法在这里调用了,所以在其他地方我们就可以直接初始化Handler了。

并且我们可以看到还调用了:Looper.loop()方法,通过参考阅读其他文章我们可以知道一个Handler的标准写法其实是这样的:

Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
      if (msg.what == 101) {
         Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

(三)查看Handler源码
1)查看Looper.prepare()方法

// sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();

/** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

可以看到Looper中有一个ThreadLocal成员变量,熟悉JDK的同学应该知道,当使用ThreadLocal维护变量时,ThreadLocal为每个使用该变量的线程提供独立的变量副本,所以每一个线程都可以独立地改变自己的副本,而不会影响其它线程所对应的副本。由此可以看出在每个线程中Looper.prepare()能且只能调用一次,这里我们可以尝试一下调用两次的情况。

/**
 * 这里Looper.prepare()方法调用了两次
*/
Looper.prepare();
Looper.prepare();
Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
   @Override
   public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
       if (msg.what == 101) {
          Log.i(TAG, "在子线程中定义Handler,并接收到消息。。。");
       }
   }
};
Looper.loop();

再次运行程序,点击按钮,执行该段代码:
这里写图片描述
可以看到程序出错,并提示prepare中的Excetion信息。

我们继续看Looper对象的构造方法,可以看到在其构造方法中初始化了一个MessageQueue对象:

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

综上小结(1):Looper.prepare()方法初始话了一个Looper对象并关联在一个MessageQueue对象,并且一个线程中只有一个Looper对象,只有一个MessageQueue对象。

2)查看Handler对象的构造方法

public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

可以看出在Handler的构造方法中,主要初始化了一下变量,并判断Handler对象的初始化不应再内部类,静态类,匿名类中,并且保存了当前线程中的Looper对象。
综上小结(2):Looper.prepare()方法初始话了一个Looper对象并关联在一个MessageQueue对象,并且一个线程中只有一个Looper对象,只有一个MessageQueue对象。而Handler的构造方法则在Handler内部维护了当前线程的Looper对象

3)查看handler.sendMessage(msg)方法
一般的,我们发送异步消息的时候会这样调用:

mHandler.sendMessage(new Message());

通过不断的跟进源代码,其最后会调用:

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

原来msg.target就是Handler对象本身;而这里的queue对象就是我们的Handler内部维护的Looper对象关联的MessageQueue对象。查看messagequeue对象的enqueueMessage方法:

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }

            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

可以看到这里MessageQueue并没有使用列表将所有的Message保存起来,而是使用Message.next保存下一个Message,从而按照时间将所有的Message排序;

4)查看Looper.Loop()方法

/**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

可以看到方法的内容还是比较多的。可以看到Looper.loop()方法里起了一个死循环,不断的判断MessageQueue中的消息是否为空,如果为空则直接return掉,然后执行queue.next()方法:

Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }

        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }

                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }

                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }

                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }

            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler

                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }

                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }

            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;

            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }

可以看到其大概的实现逻辑就是Message的出栈操作,里面可能对线程,并发控制做了一些限制等。获取到栈顶的Message对象之后开始执行:

msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

那么msg.target是什么呢?通过追踪可以知道就是我们定义的Handler对象,然后我们查看一下Handler类的dispatchMessage方法:

/**
     * Handle system messages here.
     */
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

可以看到,如果我们设置了callback(Runnable对象)的话,则会直接调用handleCallback方法:

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

即,如果我们在初始化Handler的时候设置了callback(Runnable)对象,则直接调用run方法。比如我们经常写的runOnUiThread方法:

runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {

            }
        });

看其内部实现:

public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
        if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
            mHandler.post(action);
        } else {
            action.run();
        }
    }

而如果msg.callback为空的话,会直接调用我们的mCallback.handleMessage(msg),即handler的handlerMessage方法。由于Handler对象是在主线程中创建的,所以handler的handlerMessage方法的执行也会在主线程中。

综上可以知道:
1)主线程中定义Handler,直接执行:

Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
               super.handleMessage(msg);
        }
};

而如果想要在子线程中定义Handler,则标准的写法为:

// 初始化该线程Looper,MessageQueue,执行且只能执行一次
                Looper.prepare();
                // 初始化Handler对象,内部关联Looper对象
                Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                    @Override
                    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                        super.handleMessage(msg);
                    }
                };
                // 启动消息队列出栈死循环
                Looper.loop();

2)一个线程中只存在一个Looper对象,只存在一个MessageQueue对象,可以存在N个Handler对象,Handler对象内部关联了本线程中唯一的Looper对象,Looper对象内部关联着唯一的一个MessageQueue对象。

3)MessageQueue消息队列不是通过列表保存消息(Message)列表的,而是通过Message对象的next属性关联下一个Message从而实现列表的功能,同时所有的消息都是按时间排序的。

4)android中两个子线程相互交互同样可以通过Handler的异步消息机制实现,可以在线程a中定义Handler对象,而在线程b中获取handler的引用并调用sendMessage方法。

5)activity内部默认存在一个handler的成员变量,android中一些其他的异步消息机制的实现方法:
Handler的post方法:

mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
                    @Override
                    public void run() {

                    }
                });

查看其内部实现:

public final boolean post(Runnable r)
    {
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }

可以发现其内部调用就是sendMessage系列方法。。。

view的post方法:

public boolean post(Runnable action) {
        final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
        if (attachInfo != null) {
            return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
        }
        // Assume that post will succeed later
        ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
        return true;
    }

可以发现其调用的就是activity中默认保存的handler对象的post方法。

activity的runOnUiThread方法:

public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
        if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
            mHandler.post(action);
        } else {
            action.run();
        }
    }

判断当前线程是否是UI线程,如果不是,则调用handler的post方法,否则直接执行run方法。


总结:
handler机制实际上是一个死循环来处理message 队列的有序消息。每个线程都可以自己的handler,但是消息队列和looper只能有一个,而handler可以有多个。这也是经典的面试题。

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转载自blog.csdn.net/mhhyoucom/article/details/78780776