Requests学习笔记

一、是什么？
Requests库是用Python编写的，基于urllib，采用Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。
相比urllib库，Requests库更加方便，可以节约我们大量的工作，完全满足HTTP测试需求。

二、用法
1.访问百度网站

        # 引入Requests库
        import requests
        # 发起GET请求
        r = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
        # 查看响应类型  requests.models.Response
        print(type(r))
        # 输出状态码  200
        print(r.status_code)
        # 输出响应内容类型  str
        print(type(r.text))
        # 输出响应内容
        print(r.text)
        # 输出cookies
        print(r.cookies)

2.各种请求方式

  import requests
    # 发起POST请求
    requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
    # 发起PUT请求
    requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
    # 发起DELETE请求
    requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
    # 发送HEAD请求
    requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
    # 发送OPTION请求
    requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

3.GET请求
（1）无参数的GET请求

   import requests
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
    print(response.text)

（2）带参数的GET请求
a.访问url携带参数

import requests
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=jyx&age=18')
print(response.text)

b.请求体包含参数

   import requests
    # GET请求参数
    param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
    # 传递参数params
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=param)
    print(response.text)

POST请求
（1）发送表单形式的数据

import requests
# POST请求参数
param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
# 传递参数params
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=param)
print(response.text)

（2）发送Json数据

import json
import requests
# POST请求参数
param = {'name': 'ide', 'city': 'New York'}
# 传递参数params，并格式化为json数据
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(param))
print(response.text)

（3）发送文件数据

import requests
# POST请求参数
file ={'file': open('default.png', 'rb')}
# 传递参数files
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=file)
print(response.text)

5.获取二进制数据

import requests    
response = requests.get('http://l.bst.126.net/rsc/img/loginopen/201406/appstore/quanzi.jpg?v=001')
# 输出响应的二进制内容
print(response.content)
# 下载二进制数据到本地
with open('quanzi.jpg', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)
    f.close()

6.设置headers

import requests
# 设置User-Agent浏览器信息
headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.132    Safari/537.36",
    # 'content-type': 'application/json'
          }
# 设置请求头信息
response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/question/37787004',headers=headers)
print(response.text)

7.编码类型

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r.encoding
r.encoding = 'ISO-8859-1'

8.响应属性

import requests
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/')
# 获取响应状态码
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
# 获取响应头信息
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
# 获取响应头中的cookies
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
# 获取访问的url
print(type(response.url),response.url)
# 获取访问的历史记录
print(type(response.history),response.history)

9.requests内置的状态字符

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

10.获取/发送cookies

import requests
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key, '=====', value)
print(response.cookies['BAIDUID'])

11.https安全访问

（1）无证书访问

  import requests
    response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
    # 在请求https时，request会进行证书的验证，如果验证失败则会抛出异常
    print(response.status_code)

（2）关闭证书验证

import requests

# 关闭验证，但是仍然会报出证书警告
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

（3）消除关闭证书验证的警告

from requests.packages import urllib3  # 可能会报错，不用担心，继续运行即可
import requests
# 关闭警告
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

（4）手动设置证书

import requests
# 设置本地证书
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)

requests语法学习，逛了很多博客简书总结了一份相对比较全面的笔记。代码大部分看不懂，但都看了一遍。虽然有些也不知道是在用来干什么的。。。但等用到的时候，最起码可以借鉴。

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