Built-in Functions - 内置函数 - dir()

https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html
https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/functions.html

The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available.
Python 解释器内置了很多函数和类型，您可以在任何时候使用它们。

1. dir([object])

Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object.
如果没有实参，则返回当前本地作用域中的名称列表。如果有实参，它会尝试返回该对象的有效属性列表。

If the object has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to customize the way dir() reports their attributes.
如果对象有一个名为 __dir__() 的方法，那么该方法将被调用，并且必须返回一个属性列表。这允许实现自定义 __getattr__() 或 __getattribute__() 函数的对象能够自定义 dir() 来报告它们的属性。

If the object does not provide __dir__(), the function tries its best to gather information from the object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not necessarily complete, and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__().
如果对象不提供 __dir__()，这个函数会尝试从对象已定义的 __dict__ 属性和类型对象收集信息。结果列表并不总是完整的，如果对象有自定义 __getattr__()，那结果可能不准确。

The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information:
默认的 dir() 机制对不同类型的对象行为不同，它会试图返回最相关而不是最全的信息：

If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes.
If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its bases.
Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes, and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes.
如果对象是模块对象，则列表包含模块的属性名称。
如果对象是类型或类对象，则列表包含它们的属性名称，并且递归查找所有基类的属性。
否则，列表包含对象的属性名称，它的类属性名称，并且递归查找它的类的所有基类的属性。

alphabetically [,ælfe'bɛtɪkli]：adv. 照字母顺序排列地

The resulting list is sorted alphabetically. For example:
返回的列表按字母表排序。例如：

>>> import struct
>>> dir()   # show the names in the module namespace  # doctest: +SKIP
['__builtins__', '__name__', 'struct']
>>> dir(struct)   # show the names in the struct module # doctest: +SKIP
['Struct', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
 '__initializing__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__',
 '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into',
 'unpack', 'unpack_from']
>>> class Shape:
...     def __dir__(self):
...         return ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']
>>> s = Shape()
>>> dir(s)
['area', 'location', 'perimeter']

Because dir() is supplied primarily as a convenience for use at an interactive prompt, it tries to supply an interesting set of names more than it tries to supply a rigorously or consistently defined set of names, and its detailed behavior may change across releases. For example, metaclass attributes are not in the result list when the argument is a class.
因为 dir() 主要是为了便于在交互式时使用，所以它会试图返回人们感兴趣的名字集合，而不是试图保证结果的严格性或一致性，它具体的行为也可能在不同版本之间改变。例如，当实参是一个类时，metaclass 的属性不包含在结果列表中。

查看当前模块的属性列表 - 查看列表的方法

Microsoft Windows [版本 6.1.7601]
版权所有 (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Users\foreverstrong>python
Python 3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 08:06:12) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> dir()
['__annotations__', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']
>>>
>>> dir([])
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne
__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
>>>
>>> exit()

C:\Users\foreverstrong>