一份比较全的数据库案例,全面理解,举一反三.
1 --解锁SCOTT用户
2 alter user scott account unlock
3 --检索指定的列
4 select job,ename,empno from emp;
5 --带有表达是的select子句
6 select sal*(1+0.2),sal from emp;
7 --显示不重复的记录
8 select distinct job from emp;
9 --比较筛选 <> =
10 select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal>1000;
11 select empno,ename,JOB from emp;
12 select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal <>all(3000,950,800);
13 --特殊关键字筛选
14 --like 模糊查询
15 select empno,ename,job from emp where JOB like '%S';
16 --IN --varchar
17 select empno,ename,job from emp where job in('PRESIDENT','MANAGER','ANALYST');
18 --NOT IN
19 select empno,ename,job from emp where job not in('PRESIDENT','MANAGER','ANALYST') ;
20 --BETWEEN -numer ,inter
21 select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal between 2000 and 3000;
22 --NOT BETWEEN
23 select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal NOT between 2000 and 3000;
24 --IS NULL/ is not null
25 select * from emp where comm is NOT null;
26 --逻辑筛选
27 --and ,or,not 关系 于 -或 --非
28 select empno,ename,sal from emp where （sal>=2000 and sal<=3000 ;
29 select empno,ename,sal from emp where sal<2000 or sal>3000 ;
30 --分组查询
31 select deptno,job from emp group by deptno,job order by deptno ;
32 select deptno as 部门编号，avg(sal) as 平均工资 from emp group by deptno;
33 select deptno as 部门编号，avg(sal) as 平均工资 from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2000; --group by 子条件 having
34 --排序查询Order by; desc:逆序 asc默认
35 select deptno,empno,ename from emp order by deptno,EMPNO;
1 --内连接
2 select e.empno as 员工编号, e.ename as 员工名称, d.dname as 部门
3 from emp e inner join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno;
4
5 --左外连接
6 insert into emp(empno,ename,job) values(9527,'EAST','SALESMAN');
7
8 select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname from emp e left join dept d
9 on e.deptno=d.deptno;
10 --右外连接
11 select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname from emp e right join dept d
12 on e.deptno=d.deptno;
13
14 --完全连接
15 select e.empno,e.ename,e.job,d.deptno,d.dname from emp e full join dept d
16 on e.deptno=d.deptno;
17
18 --自然连接(共有的属性，会去除重复列)
19 select empno,ename,job,dname from emp natural join dept where sal>2000;
20
21 事务如果不提交,会一直写入以下表空间;
22 redo(记录日志表空间) undo(记录日志备份表空间)
23 提交: commit 回滚: rollback
24
25 --右外连接过滤
26 select * from emp e right join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
27 where e.deptno is null;
28 --左外连接过滤
29 select * from emp e left join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
30 where d.deptno is null;
31 --全外连接过滤
32 select * from emp e full join dept d on e.deptno=d.deptno
33 where d.deptno is null or e.deptno is null;
34
35
36 /*自连接(self join)是SQL语句中经常要用的连接方式，使用自连接可以将自身表的一个镜像当作另一个表来对待，从而能够得到一些特殊的数据。
37 在emp中的每一个员工都有自己的mgr(经理)，并且每一个经理自身也是公司的员工，自身也有自己的经理。*/
38 select em2.enname 管理者,em1.enname 下属员工 from emp em1 left join emp em2 on em1.mgr=em2.empno order by em1.mgr;
39
40 /*交叉连接不带WHERE 子句，它返回被连接的两个表所有数据行的笛卡尔积，返回到结果集合中的数据行数等于第一个表中符合查询条件的数据行数乘以第二个表中符合查询条件的数据行数*/
41 select count(*) from dept cross join emp;
1 select rownum,empno,ename from emp where deptno=20;
2 --返回emp表中前5个员工消息
3 select rownum seq,empno,ename,sal from emp where rownum<=5;
4
5 --查询emp表中2条到第5条的数据
6 select rownum seq,empno,ename,sal from emp where rownum>=2 and rownum<=5;
7
8 /*ROWNUM列值会被重置所致,比如在取第1行,where子条件不成立,第1行被丢弃,
9 但是取下一行时,ROWNUM会被重置为1,而不是2, 导致,ROWNUM永远无法取到正确的值
10 无法返回 任何行数据*/
11 select * from emp;
12 select seq,empno,ename,sal from (select rownum seq,empno,ename,sal from emp)
13 where seq>=2 and seq<=5
表
Student(S#,Sname,Sage,Ssex) 学生表
CREATE TABLE student (
sid varchar(10) NOT NULL,
sName varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
sAge datetime DEFAULT '1980-10-12 23:12:36',
sSex varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (sid)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Course(C#,Cname,T#) 课程表
CREATE TABLE course (
cid varchar(10) NOT NULL,
cName varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
tid int(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (cid)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
SC(S#,C#,score) 成绩表
CREATE TABLE sc (
sid varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
cid varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
score int(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Teacher(T#,Tname) 教师表
CREATE TABLE taacher (
tid int(10) DEFAULT NULL,
tName varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
数据：（MySQL）
insert into taacher(tid,tName) values (1,'李老师'),(2,'何以琛'),(3,'叶平');
insert into student(sid,sName,sAge,sSex) values ('1001','张三丰','1980-10-12 23:12:36','男'),('1002','张无极','1995-10-12 23:12:36','男'),('1003','李奎','1992-10-12 23:12:36','女'),('1004','李元宝','1980-10-12 23:12:36','女'),('1005','李世明','1981-10-12 23:12:36','男'),('1006','赵六','1986-10-12 23:12:36','男'),('1007','田七','1981-10-12 23:12:36','女');
insert into sc(sid,cid,score) values ('1','001',80),('1','002',60),('1','003',75),('2','001',85),('2','002',70),('3','004',100),('3','001',90),('3','002',55),('4','002',65),('4','003',60);
insert into course(cid,cName,tid) values ('001','企业管理',3),('002','马克思',3),('003','UML',2),('004','数据库',1),('005','英语',1);
问题：
1、查询“001”课程比“002”课程成绩高的所有学生的学号;
select a.S# from (select s#,score from SC where C#='001') a,(select s#,score
from SC where C#='002') b
where a.score>b.score and a.s#=b.s#;
2、查询平均成绩大于60分的同学的学号和平均成绩;
select S#,avg(score)
from sc
group by S# having avg(score) >60;
3、查询所有同学的学号、姓名、选课数、总成绩;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname,count(SC.C#),sum(score)
from Student left Outer join SC on Student.S#=SC.S#
group by Student.S#,Sname
4、查询姓“李”的老师的个数;
select count(distinct(Tname))
from Teacher
where Tname like '李%';
5、查询没学过“叶平”老师课的同学的学号、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select distinct( SC.S#) from SC,Course,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');
6、查询学过“001”并且也学过编号“002”课程的同学的学号、姓名;
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select Student.S#,Student.Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#='001'and exists( Select * from SC as SC_2 where SC_2.S#=SC.S# and SC_2.C#='002');
7、查询学过“叶平”老师所教的所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# in (select S# from SC ,Course ,Teacher where SC.C#=Course.C# and Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' group by S# having count(SC.C#)=(select count(C#) from Course,Teacher where Teacher.T#=Course.T# and Tname='叶平'));
8、查询课程编号“002”的成绩比课程编号“001”课程低的所有同学的学号、姓名;
Select S#,Sname from (select Student.S#,Student.Sname,score ,(select score from SC SC_2 where SC_2.S#=Student.S# and SC_2.C#='002') score2
from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C#='001') S_2 where score2 <score;
9、查询所有课程成绩小于60分的同学的学号、姓名;
select S#,Sname
from Student
where S# not in (select Student.S# from Student,SC where S.S#=SC.S# and score>60);
10、查询没有学全所有课的同学的学号、姓名;
select Student.S#,Student.Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by Student.S#,Student.Sname having count(C#) <(select count(C#) from Course);
11、查询至少有一门课与学号为“1001”的同学所学相同的同学的学号和姓名;
select S#,Sname from Student,SC where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in select C# from SC where S#='1001';
12、查询至少学过学号为“001”同学所有一门课的其他同学学号和姓名;
select distinct SC.S#,Sname
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# and C# in (select C# from SC where S#='001');
13、把“SC”表中“叶平”老师教的课的成绩都更改为此课程的平均成绩;
update SC set score=(select avg(SC_2.score)
from SC SC_2
where SC_2.C#=SC.C# ) from Course,Teacher where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平');
14、查询和“1002”号的同学学习的课程完全相同的其他同学学号和姓名;
select S# from SC where C# in (select C# from SC where S#='1002')
group by S# having count(*)=(select count(*) from SC where S#='1002');
15、删除学习“叶平”老师课的SC表记录;
Delect SC
from course ,Teacher
where Course.C#=SC.C# and Course.T#= Teacher.T# and Tname='叶平';
16、向SC表中插入一些记录，这些记录要求符合以下条件：没有上过编号“003”课程的同学学号、2号课的平均成绩;
Insert SC select S#,'002',(Select avg(score)
from SC where C#='002') from Student where S# not in (Select S# from SC where C#='002');
17、按平均成绩从高到低显示所有学生的“数据库”、“企业管理”、“英语”三门的课程成绩，按如下形式显示： 学生ID,数据库,企业管理,英语,有效课程数,有效平均分
SELECT S# as 学生ID
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='004') AS 数据库
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='001') AS 企业管理
,(SELECT score FROM SC WHERE SC.S#=t.S# AND C#='006') AS 英语
,COUNT(*) AS 有效课程数, AVG(t.score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC AS t
GROUP BY S#
ORDER BY avg(t.score)
18、查询各科成绩最高和最低的分：以如下形式显示：课程ID，最高分，最低分
SELECT L.C# As 课程ID,L.score AS 最高分,R.score AS 最低分
FROM SC L ,SC AS R
WHERE L.C# = R.C# and
L.score = (SELECT MAX(IL.score)
FROM SC AS IL,Student AS IM
WHERE L.C# = IL.C# and IM.S#=IL.S#
GROUP BY IL.C#)
AND
R.Score = (SELECT MIN(IR.score)
FROM SC AS IR
WHERE R.C# = IR.C#
GROUP BY IR.C#
);
19、按各科平均成绩从低到高和及格率的百分数从高到低顺序
SELECT t.C# AS 课程号,max(course.Cname)AS 课程名,isnull(AVG(score),0) AS 平均成绩
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) AS 及格百分数
FROM SC T,Course
where t.C#=course.C#
GROUP BY t.C#
ORDER BY 100 * SUM(CASE WHEN isnull(score,0)>=60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/COUNT(*) DESC
20、查询如下课程平均成绩和及格率的百分数(用"1行"显示): 企业管理（001），马克思（002），OO&UML （003），数据库（004）
SELECT SUM(CASE WHEN C# ='001' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '001' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 企业管理及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '002' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 马克思及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '003' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS UML及格百分数
,SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN score ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE C# WHEN '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库平均分
,100 * SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' AND score >= 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)/SUM(CASE WHEN C# = '004' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS 数据库及格百分数
FROM SC
21、查询不同老师所教不同课程平均分从高到低显示
SELECT max(Z.T#) AS 教师ID,MAX(Z.Tname) AS 教师姓名,C.C# AS 课程ＩＤ,MAX(C.Cname) AS 课程名称,AVG(Score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC AS T,Course AS C ,Teacher AS Z
where T.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Z.T#
GROUP BY C.C#
ORDER BY AVG(Score) DESC
22、查询如下课程成绩第 3 名到第 6 名的学生成绩单：企业管理（001），马克思（002），UML （003），数据库（004）
[学生ID],[学生姓名],企业管理,马克思,UML,数据库,平均成绩
SELECT DISTINCT top 3
SC.S# As 学生学号,
Student.Sname AS 学生姓名 ,
T1.score AS 企业管理,
T2.score AS 马克思,
T3.score AS UML,
T4.score AS 数据库,
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) as 总分
FROM Student,SC LEFT JOIN SC AS T1
ON SC.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = '001'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T2
ON SC.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = '002'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T3
ON SC.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = '003'
LEFT JOIN SC AS T4
ON SC.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = '004'
WHERE student.S#=SC.S# and
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
NOT IN
(SELECT
DISTINCT
TOP 15 WITH TIES
ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0)
FROM sc
LEFT JOIN sc AS T1
ON sc.S# = T1.S# AND T1.C# = 'k1'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T2
ON sc.S# = T2.S# AND T2.C# = 'k2'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T3
ON sc.S# = T3.S# AND T3.C# = 'k3'
LEFT JOIN sc AS T4
ON sc.S# = T4.S# AND T4.C# = 'k4'
ORDER BY ISNULL(T1.score,0) + ISNULL(T2.score,0) + ISNULL(T3.score,0) + ISNULL(T4.score,0) DESC);
23、统计列印各科成绩,各分数段人数:课程ID,课程名称,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[ <60]
SELECT SC.C# as 课程ID, Cname as 课程名称
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 85 AND 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [100 - 85]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 70 AND 85 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [85 - 70]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score BETWEEN 60 AND 70 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [70 - 60]
,SUM(CASE WHEN score < 60 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS [60 -]
FROM SC,Course
where SC.C#=Course.C#
GROUP BY SC.C#,Cname;
24、查询学生平均成绩及其名次
SELECT 1+(SELECT COUNT( distinct 平均成绩)
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) AS 平均成绩
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T1
WHERE 平均成绩 > T2.平均成绩) as 名次,
S# as 学生学号,平均成绩
FROM (SELECT S#,AVG(score) 平均成绩
FROM SC
GROUP BY S#
) AS T2
ORDER BY 平均成绩 desc;
25、查询各科成绩前三名的记录:(不考虑成绩并列情况)
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 3 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
26、查询每门课程被选修的学生数
select c#,count(S#) from sc group by C#;
27、查询出只选修了一门课程的全部学生的学号和姓名
select SC.S#,Student.Sname,count(C#) AS 选课数
from SC ,Student
where SC.S#=Student.S# group by SC.S# ,Student.Sname having count(C#)=1;
28、查询男生、女生人数
Select count(Ssex) as 男生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='男';
Select count(Ssex) as 女生人数 from Student group by Ssex having Ssex='女';
29、查询姓“张”的学生名单
SELECT Sname FROM Student WHERE Sname like '张%';
30、查询同名同性学生名单，并统计同名人数
select Sname,count(*) from Student group by Sname having count(*)>1;;
31、1981年出生的学生名单(注：Student表中Sage列的类型是datetime)
select Sname, CONVERT(char (11),DATEPART(year,Sage)) as age
from student
where CONVERT(char(11),DATEPART(year,Sage))='1981';
32、查询每门课程的平均成绩，结果按平均成绩升序排列，平均成绩相同时，按课程号降序排列
Select C#,Avg(score) from SC group by C# order by Avg(score),C# DESC ;
33、查询平均成绩大于85的所有学生的学号、姓名和平均成绩
select Sname,SC.S# ,avg(score)
from Student,SC
where Student.S#=SC.S# group by SC.S#,Sname having avg(score)>85;
34、查询课程名称为“数据库”，且分数低于60的学生姓名和分数
Select Sname,isnull(score,0)
from Student,SC,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# and Course.Cname='数据库'and score <60;
35、查询所有学生的选课情况;
SELECT SC.S#,SC.C#,Sname,Cname
FROM SC,Student,Course
where SC.S#=Student.S# and SC.C#=Course.C# ;
36、查询任何一门课程成绩在70分以上的姓名、课程名称和分数;
SELECT distinct student.S#,student.Sname,SC.C#,SC.score
FROM student,Sc
WHERE SC.score>=70 AND SC.S#=student.S#;
37、查询不及格的课程，并按课程号从大到小排列
select c# from sc where scor e <60 order by C# ;
38、查询课程编号为003且课程成绩在80分以上的学生的学号和姓名;
select SC.S#,Student.Sname from SC,Student where SC.S#=Student.S# and Score>80 and C#='003';
39、求选了课程的学生人数
select count(*) from sc;
40、查询选修“叶平”老师所授课程的学生中，成绩最高的学生姓名及其成绩
select Student.Sname,score
from Student,SC,Course C,Teacher
where Student.S#=SC.S# and SC.C#=C.C# and C.T#=Teacher.T# and Teacher.Tname='叶平' and SC.score=(select max(score)from SC where C#=C.C# );
41、查询各个课程及相应的选修人数
select count(*) from sc group by C#;
42、查询不同课程成绩相同的学生的学号、课程号、学生成绩
select distinct A.S#,B.score from SC A ,SC B where A.Score=B.Score and A.C# <>B.C# ;
43、查询每门功成绩最好的前两名
SELECT t1.S# as 学生ID,t1.C# as 课程ID,Score as 分数
FROM SC t1
WHERE score IN (SELECT TOP 2 score
FROM SC
WHERE t1.C#= C#
ORDER BY score DESC
)
ORDER BY t1.C#;
44、统计每门课程的学生选修人数（超过10人的课程才统计）。要求输出课程号和选修人数，查询结果按人数降序排列，查询结果按人数降序排列，若人数相同，按课程号升序排列
select C# as 课程号,count(*) as 人数
from sc
group by C#
order by count(*) desc,c#
45、检索至少选修两门课程的学生学号
select S#
from sc
group by s#
having count(*) > = 2
46、查询全部学生都选修的课程的课程号和课程名
select C#,Cname
from Course
where C# in (select c# from sc group by c#)
47、查询没学过“叶平”老师讲授的任一门课程的学生姓名
select Sname from Student where S# not in (select S# from Course,Teacher,SC where Course.T#=Teacher.T# and SC.C#=course.C# and Tname='叶平');
48、查询两门以上不及格课程的同学的学号及其平均成绩
select S#,avg(isnull(score,0)) from SC where S# in (select S# from SC where score <60 group by S# having count(*)>2)group by S#;
49、检索“004”课程分数小于60，按分数降序排列的同学学号
select S# from SC where C#='004'and score <60 order by score desc;
50、删除“002”同学的“001”课程的成绩
delete from Sc where S#='001'and C#='001';
