The reference-index describes the specific syntax and semantics of the Python language, and this library reference introduces the standard library released with Python. It also describes some optional components that are usually included in Python distributions.
The Python standard library is very large, and the provided components cover a wide range, as shown in the following content directory. This library contains multiple built-in modules (written in C), Python programmers must rely on them to achieve system-level functions, such as file I / O, in addition to a large number of modules written in Python, provides many problems in daily programming Standard solution. Some of these modules are specifically designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting platform-specific functions into platform-neutral APIs.
The Windows version of the Python installer usually contains the entire standard library, and often contains many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems, Python is usually divided into a series of software packages, so it may be necessary to use the package management tools provided by the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components.
There are tens of thousands and other additional components (from individual programs, modules, software packages to complete application development frameworks) outside of this standard library. These third-party packages can be obtained by accessing the Python package index.
The "Python library" contains several different components:
It contains data types, such as numbers and lists, that are usually considered part of the "core" of the language. For these types, the core of the Python language defines the form of text and sets some constraints on their semantics, but the semantics are not fully defined. (On the other hand, the language core
does define grammatical attributes, such as spelling and priority of operators.)
This library also contains built-in functions and exceptions --- objects that can be used in all Python code without import statements. Some are defined by the core of the language, but many are not necessary for the core semantics and are only described here. But this library is mainly composed of a series of modules. These module sets can be classified in different ways. Some modules are written in C and built into the Python interpreter; others are written in Python and imported as source code. Some modules provide interfaces specific to Python, such as printing stack trace information; some modules provide interfaces specific to a specific operating system, such as operating specific hardware; and other modules provide interfaces specific to specific application areas, such as the World Wide Web. Some modules are available in all newer and ported versions of Python; others are only available when supported or required by the underlying system; others are only available when certain configuration options are selected when compiling and installing Python.
This manual is organized in the order of "from inside to outside": first describe the built-in functions, data types and exceptions, and finally the various modules grouped according to the correlation.
This means that if you read this manual from the beginning and skip to the next chapter when you are bored, you will still have a general understanding of the available modules of the Python library and the supported application areas. Of course, you do n’t have to read from the beginning to the end like you read a novel-you can also browse the content directory (at the beginning of the manual) or find a specific function, module or entry in the index (at the end of the manual). Finally, if you like to learn a topic at will, you can choose a random page number (see random module) and read the previous section or two. No matter what order you want to read this manual, it is recommended to start with the built-in function chapter, because the rest of this manual requires you to be familiar with the basic concepts.
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