【Abstract】 Emergency lighting is divided into standby lighting, safety lighting and evacuation lighting. The article introduces the design, lamp selection, lamp arrangement, power distribution and other requirements of the emergency lighting system. Combined with examples to calculate the evacuation lighting, in order to guide the design and application of emergency lighting system.
[Keywords] illuminance; luminous flux; fire emergency lighting; A-type fire emergency lighting; fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication system.
introduction
The floors of modern buildings are getting higher and higher, the functions are more and more perfect, and the horizontal layout is more and more complicated, so the requirements for building fire protection are getting higher and higher. The primary purpose of building fire protection is to protect people's lives in case of fire. Life preservation is first based on people's voluntary evacuation, followed by rescue. Scientific and efficient evacuation design is important. Fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication systems are An important part of building fire protection. In engineering applications, public lighting is generally divided into normal lighting and emergency lighting, and the standard values of normal lighting are higher than the standard values of evacuation lighting. The A-type fire emergency lighting lamps have low light source power and low luminous flux, and the corresponding number of A-type fire emergency lighting lamps should be set according to the illuminance value of evacuation lighting. Lighting requirements.
1 Emergency lighting system
Emergency lighting is divided into standby lighting, safety lighting and evacuation lighting. When the normal lighting power supply fails, standby lighting should be installed in places where normal work or activities need to be continued; safety lighting should be installed in places where people in potential danger need to be ensured; exits and passages that need to ensure safe evacuation of people, Evacuation lighting should be provided. Fire emergency lighting includes backup lighting and evacuation lighting. The places where firefighters and rescuers continue to work need to set up backup lighting. Evacuation of personnel, and for firefighters to evacuate from the fire scene, evacuation must be set up. Indicator lights and evacuation route lighting.
2 Design of fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication system
The selection of the system type should be determined according to factors such as the scale of the building and structure, the nature of use, and the difficulty of daily management and maintenance: the place where the fire control room is set up should choose a centralized control system, and an automatic fire alarm system is set up, but no fire control system is set up. Centralized control systems should be selected for indoor locations, and non-centralized control systems can be selected for other locations. The system design should follow the basic design principles of simple system architecture and simple control, including lighting layout, system power distribution, system control design in non-fire conditions, and system control design in fire conditions. Centralized control systems should also include emergency control systems. Design of lighting controller and system communication lines.
2.1 Selection of lamps
During the fire fighting process, fire extinguishing and rescue personnel generally use fire hydrants to extinguish the fire. Since the water medium used for fire extinguishing has a certain degree of conductivity, a conductive path will be formed through the fire hydrant and its water column. In order to avoid electric shock accidents during the fire fighting process, Comprehensively considering factors such as the technical level of existing system products and engineering application conditions, it is required that the lamps installed within the height range of 2.5m to 8m from the ground should adopt A-type lamps with a voltage level of safe voltage; Power type A lamps; lamps using energy-saving light sources, the color temperature of the light source is not lower than 2700K.
2.2 Arrangement principles of lamps and lanterns
The setting of lighting lamps needs to ensure that personnel can provide basic illumination for evacuation in the evacuation path and related areas; the setting of sign lights needs to ensure that personnel can clearly identify the evacuation path, evacuation direction, the location of the safety exit, and the location of the floor.
2.3 System power distribution
Design according to the type of the system, the setting position of the lamp, and the power supply mode of the lamp. The power supply of the lamp is composed of the main power supply and the battery power supply, and the power supply mode of the battery power supply is divided into the centralized power supply mode and the battery power supply mode of the lamp. When the luminaire is powered by a centralized power supply, the main power supply and the battery power supply of the luminaire are provided by the centralized power supply. When the battery supplies power, the main power supply of the lamps and lanterns shall supply power to the lamps after distributing power through the emergency lighting distribution box. When the lamps are powered by their own batteries, the setting of the emergency lighting distribution box: in crowded places, each fire compartment should be equipped with an independent emergency lighting distribution box; in non-crowded places, multiple adjacent fire compartments can be provided with a shared Emergency lighting distribution box. An independent emergency lighting distribution box shall be installed in the smoke-proof stairwell, and an independent emergency lighting distribution box shall be installed in the enclosed stairwell. The output circuit of the A-type emergency lighting distribution box should not exceed 8 circuits, and the output circuit of the B-type emergency lighting distribution box should not exceed 12 circuits. Centralized power supply setting: set the centralized power supply according to the division of fire compartments; for systems with a total power of lamps greater than 5kW, the centralized power supply should be set in a decentralized manner. When the rated output power of the centralized power supply is less than 1kW, it can be installed in the gas shaft. The output circuits of the centralized power supply should not exceed 8 circuits. The emergency lighting distribution box or the input and output circuits of the centralized power supply should not be equipped with residual current action protectors, and the output circuits are strictly prohibited from being connected to switch devices, sockets and other loads outside the system. In the fire state, the response time of emergency lighting and extinguishing of lamp light source: the response time of emergency lighting of lamp light source in high-risk places should not be greater than 0.25 s; the response time of emergency lighting of lamp light source in other places should not be greater than 5 s; For places with the above evacuation indication schemes, the response time for the light source to be turned on and off should not be greater than 5s.
2.4 Design of centralized control system
The emergency lighting controller is connected to the lamps through the centralized power supply or the emergency lighting distribution box, and controls the emergency start of the lamps and the conversion of the battery power supply. When the communication between the centralized power supply or the emergency lighting distribution box and the luminaire is interrupted, the light source of the non-continuous luminaire is turned on in an emergency, and the light source of the continuous luminaire is switched from the power-saving lighting mode to the emergency lighting mode. When the communication between the emergency lighting controller and the centralized power supply or the emergency lighting distribution box is interrupted, the centralized power supply or the emergency lighting distribution box will control the emergency lighting of the light source of the non-continuous lighting lamp connected to it, and the light source of the continuous lighting lamp will be controlled by the controller. The electric lighting mode is transferred to the emergency lighting mode. The design of the non-centralized control system: in the non-fire state, the normal working mode of the system needs to keep the main source of power for the lamps, the light source of the non-continuous lighting lamp in the system should be kept off, and the light source of the continuous lighting lamp should be kept in an energy-saving state. Lighting state: After the fire is confirmed, the emergency start of the system should be able to be manually controlled. When the lamps are powered by a centralized power supply, the centralized power supply should be manually operated to control the transfer of the centralized power supply to the output of the battery power supply, and at the same time control all non-sustainable type connected to it. The light source of the lighting lamp is turned on in an emergency, and the light source of the continuous lamp is switched from the power-saving lighting mode to the emergency lighting mode: when the lighting is powered by its own battery, it shall be possible to manually cut off the main power output of the emergency lighting distribution box, and at the same time Control the emergency lighting of the light sources of all non-continuous lighting lamps connected to it, and switch the light source of continuous lighting from the power-saving lighting mode to the emergency lighting mode: the place where the regional fire alarm system is installed should still be able to automatically control the system. Emergency start.
3 Calculation of evacuation illumination
The illuminance values of some public areas are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Normal lighting and evacuation lighting illuminance standard value (crowded places) LX
The average illuminance of evacuation lighting is calculated by "utilization coefficient method".
(1) Average illuminance
Eav =NφUK/A
In the formula: Eav is the average illuminance on the working surface, lx; Φ is the luminous flux of the light source, lm; N is the number of light sources; U is the utilization factor; A is the area of the working surface, m2; K is the maintenance factor of the lamp;
(2) Room space ratio:
RCR =5hr(l+b)/l.b
In the formula: l is the room length, m; b is the room width, m; hr is the room space height, m;
(3) Chamber index:
RI=lb/hr(l+b)=5/RCR
3.1 Calculation example
Calculate according to Figure 1.
Figure 1 Lighting plane in front of the fire elevator
(1) Room to space ratio
RCR=5hr(l+b)/l.b =5x2.75x(4+3)/4x3=8;
(2) Chamber index
RI = 5/RCR =0.625:
According to the utilization coefficient table 5-17 of the third edition of "Lighting Design Manual", the utilization coefficient U=0.54; the lamp maintenance coefficient K=0.8; the luminous flux of the lamp is 500 lm.
Eav=1x500 x0.54 x0.8/12 = 18 lx.
3.2 Calculation results
Eav =18lx, the illuminance value of evacuation lighting is less than 50lx of the normal lighting ground illuminance value of public areas in "Table 1".
When evacuation lighting is required to be installed at 8m and below the ground, when only A-type fire emergency lighting fixtures are installed, the illuminance is far from meeting the normal lighting illuminance requirements, and normal lighting luminaires need to be installed at the same time to meet the normal lighting illuminance requirements.
4. Product selection of Ankerui fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication system
4.1 System Introduction
The fire emergency lighting and evacuation indication system is composed of several parts such as controller (host), centralized power supply (power supply), power distribution device (extension) and lamps (evacuation indicator light, emergency lighting lamp). With the use of the fire alarm controller, the system can quickly analyze the wind direction, the nearest exit, the trend of the fire, and the crowd density in critical moments, give safe evacuation route instructions, and intelligently turn on the direction of the fire emergency sign lights and The emergency lighting helps the people in the building to choose the escape route in real time, guides the safe escape direction, protects the personal safety of the people, and solves the worries about the safety problems of various businesses.
4.2 System structure
4.3 System function
4.3.1 System running main interface
It includes toolbar, plane display, layer list, and status bar, allowing you to visually view the operating status of the monitoring equipment, and directly switch to the specific location of the fault according to the actual content of the status bar.
4.3.2 Lighting configuration interface
You can view the status and quantity of all lamps.
4.3.3 Information interface
You can view historical operations, faults, event information, and query by date.
4.3.4 Rights management interface
It is mainly composed of emergency start, emergency stop and manual fire alarm. Emergency start and stop are used to test whether the emergency function of the equipment is normal.
4.4 Selection of Fire Emergency Lighting and Evacuation Indication System Products
4.4.1 Selection of emergency lighting controller
