Table of contents
1.1 The emergence and development of education
1.2 The emergence and development of pedagogy
1.3 Education and social development
1.4 Education and Human Development
1.1 The emergence and development of education
1. Derived from education
The word education is the earliest in "Mencius · Dedicated" to educate the world's outstanding talents;
Xu Shen, the earliest interpreter of "Shuowen Jiezi"
2. Definition of Education
In a broad sense: activities with purpose, enhancement, development of knowledge and skills, and influence on thought: school, family, social education
Narrow sense: school education Educators exert influence on the educated with purpose, plan and organization Wood organic group
3. Educational attributes
1) Essential attributes
The purposeful cultivation of human social activities is a fundamental feature different from other things, and it is a conscious social activity unique to human beings. There is no education in the animal kingdom;
If the activities that affect people's physical and mental development are unconscious and purposeless, they cannot be called education.
2) Social attributes
Eternity: education is with human beings ( people are teaching )
Historic: Education is different in each period ( different from ancient and modern )
Relative independence: education has its own laws, and is also restricted by productivity, politics, and social development (inherited imbalance)
4. Origin of education
1) Mythological Origins
Man is created by heaven -- the oldest view on the origin of education (Zhu Xi)
2) Biological origin
Human education originates from the instinctive activities of all kinds of animals to survive--the first formally proposed origin theory (Litorno, Thorndike, Peixien) x Instinct Sanlixi
3) Psychological origin
The origin of education Children's unconscious imitation of adults (Meng Lu) x Psychological imitation of Monroe
4) Origin of labor
Education Origin Labor (Midinsky, Kailov) Mi Open Source Labor
5. Educational Development
1) primitive society
Labor is the fundamental condition for education; language is a necessary condition;
No class, fairness; education is carried out in productive labor; the content is simple and single
2) Ancient society
· Slave society
China: School education appeared first in the Xia Dynasty of our country; the content was six arts--Li, Le, She Yu Shu Shu; private schools rose in the Spring and Autumn Period
Ancient India: Religion - Brahmanism, Buddhism
Ancient Egypt: School of Scribes--Writing and writing, monks and officials as teachers
Ancient Greece: Sparta - military politics; Athens - all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty
· Feudal society
China: Prosperity of private learning in the Spring and Autumn Period; Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, the selection system of the examination system; the imperial examination system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties; the Four Books and Five Classics in the Song Dynasty; the stereotyped essays in the Ming Dynasty;
West: church - seven arts; knight - seven skills
6. Educational characteristics
1) Features of ancient school education
Created schools, education as a tool of the ruling class;
·Education is separated from production and is non-productive;
·It has a distinct class character, strict hierarchy and religious character;
Applicable to the development of ancient ideology and culture, showing orthodox, autocratic, rigid and symbolic
2) Characteristics of education after the 20th century [ short answer back] ( many people show up )
Education for all, democracy, pluralism, modernity and lifelong education
1.2 The emergence and development of pedagogy
1. Pedagogical concepts
Pedagogy is a science that explores educational phenomena and educational problems and understands the laws of education.
2. Pedagogy development
1) The budding stage
·Confucius "The Analects of Confucius" - the world's first proposed heuristic teaching
Le Zhengke's "Study Notes"--the earliest book in the world devoted to educational issues
· Socrates--Midwife/Question--the earliest heuristic teaching in the West
Plato--"Utopia", the earliest advocate of entertaining and entertaining
Aristotle -- "Politics", first proposed that education follows nature, encyclopedic philosopher
·Quintilian--"Eloquence" and "On the Orator", the earliest educational works in the West on the study of teaching methods
2) Independence stage ( Bacon's first mention of independence, Kant's first lecture, Bach's Old Testament, Rousseau, El Lozzi, practice of Locke and Whiteman )
·Bacon--the first time to put pedagogy as an independent discipline, experience-based teaching
Comenius--the father of pedagogy, "Great Teaching Theory" marks pedagogy as an independent development discipline; pan-intellectual education; class teaching system
· Kant - the first to teach pedagogy in universities
Herbach--the father of modern pedagogy, the first modern pedagogy book "General Pedagogy" marks the birth of pedagogy as a standardized independent discipline; the old three centers: classroom teaching materials teacher center; four stages of teaching
· Rousseau--"Emile", naturalistic education, child-oriented education
Luo Qi - the first person to combine education and productive labor into practice; educational psychology
Locke--"A Talk on Education", Whiteboard Talk and Gentleman Education
3) Stage of development ( Sb prepares Dewey 3 do Love 1 Mamaka parallel )
Spencer--"Education", education prepares for life; proposes curriculum; opposes formal education
Dewey--"Democracy and Education", New Three Centers: Children's Experience Activity Center; Education Without Teleology; Learning by Doing; Pragmatism Pedagogy
Kailov--"Pedagogy" is the first Marx's pedagogical work
Makarenko - "On Communist Education", Principles of Parallel Education, Collective and Individual; Education of Criminal Children
· Yang Xianjiang--"New Education Outline" my country's first pedagogical work guided by Marxism
4) The deepening stage ( Multiple objectives, conclusions, discoveries , development, root causes, examples, and one hundred Bambas are the best )
Bloom--"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives", three skills of cognition, emotion and action; mastering learning theory
Bruner--"Teaching Process", Structuralist Teaching Theory; Advocating Discovery Learning
· Zankov--"Teaching and Development" Developmental Teaching Theory
Wagenschein--"Principles of Teaching by Example"
Suhomlinski--Encyclopedia of "One Hundred Suggestions for Teachers"; comprehensive and harmonious development
Babanski - "Optimization of the Teaching Process"
1.3 Education and social development
1. The relationship between education and productivity [ short answers must be memorized ] Turtle-speed talents teach and let go of two and one new to promote production
1) Restriction of productivity on education
The level of productivity determines the scale and speed of education;
Productivity restricts the specification and educational structure of personnel training;
·Productivity restricts teaching content, methods, organizational forms and means
2) The promotion of education to productivity - economic function
·Education is the basic way of labor reproduction
·Education is the most effective form of scientific knowledge reproduction
·Education is an important means of scientific and technological innovation
2. The relationship between education and the political and economic system [ back to the short answer] Democracy in the system of two powers is public opinion
1) The constraints of the political and economic system on education
·Determine the nature of education ; ·Determine the leadership of education ; ·Determine the right to education ;
·Determine the education management system ; ·Restrict the purpose and content of education
2) The role of education in political economy--political function
·Promote democracy ; · Cultivate necessary talents for the political and economic system; ·Influence the power of public opinion on the political and economic system
3. The relationship between education and culture
1) The restriction of culture on the development of education, the second transmission of the internal value method and the selection of new ones
Affect the value orientation of education; Affect the establishment of educational goals
Influencing the choice of educational Influencingcontent the use of educational methods;
2) The role of education on culture--cultural function
· Propagate and protect culture; · Propagate and exchange culture;
· Choose and enhance culture; · Renew and create culture;
1.4 Education and human development
1. The law of human physical and mental development [ short answers must be memorized ] the order does not make up for each
1) Sequence From low-level to high-level, simple to complex development process, step by step to promote students' physical and mental development
2) Staged Different age groups have different characteristics and face different development tasks, so they should be targeted and not one size fits all
3) Unbalanced Individual development does not advance in a straight line at the same speed, and it is necessary to seize the critical period
4) Complementarity Complementarity between body and body, complementarity between body and mind, fostering strengths and avoiding weaknesses, goodness and salvation
5) Individual differences. Differences are reflected in groups and groups and between individuals and individuals. Teach students in accordance with their aptitude
2. Factors affecting human development
1) theory
· Internal law / genetic determination
Heredity plays a decisive role in human development, and the strength of human physical and mental development mainly comes from the inner needs of human beings
Mencius' Theory of Good Nature; Freud's Sexual Instinct; Galton's Eugenics
Wilson Genetic Replication Essential Power; Gesell Mature Power Says;
· External theory / environment
Human development mainly depends on external forces, such as environment, education, etc.
Xunzi's theory of evil nature; Locke's whiteboard theory; Watson's theory of babies; Skinner
2) The main factors [ short answers must be memorized ] the personal education of the left ring
· Inherit the physiological premise and material basis of human development , provide possibility for human development; restrict the level and stage of human physical and mental development
The basis of environmental reality provides multiple possibilities for individual development
· Individual subjective determinants , human subjective initiative is the internal driving force of human development
· Education plays a leading role , and school education plays a leading role in human physical and mental development
3. Significance of heredity [ Back of short answers ] Physiological differences are mature and plastic
·Genetic quality provides a physiological premise for human physical and mental development, making human development possible
The difference in genetic quality also has a certain impact on human development
The maturity of genetic quality restricts the development process and stages of people
· Genetic quality is plastic
4. The special function of school education on individual development ( performance that plays a leading role ) 【Back of short answers 】
·School education makes social norms for the direction of individual development according to the basic requirements of society for individuals ;
·School education has a special function of accelerating individual development;
·School education, especially basic education, has both immediate and delayed effects on individual development ;
·School education has the function of developing individual special talents and developing personality .
1.5 Education system
1. Concept of education system
Broad sense: national education system
Narrow sense: the school education system is the school system, the overall system of schools at all levels and the status of the core subject
2. Influencing factors of the education system / reasons for establishing the school system [ Back of Short Answers ] Student Headquarters
· The development level of productivity
· Socio-economic system;
· The laws of physical and mental development of students
· The historical development of the national
3. Types of modern educational system
1) Dual-track education system - English and French, children of the bourgeoisie and working people
2) Single-track education system - in the United States, all students study in the same school system, and all levels and types of schools are connected to each other
3) Branch type - Sino-Soviet
4. The development of China's educational system 02 ren system 04 real gui 12 ugly men and women 22 xu America
1) Renyin school system--1902 imperial school chapter, the first school system promulgated by our country, not yet implemented
2) Guimao school system--1904, the school chapter was played, the first school system implemented in China
3) Prince Guichou’s educational system—1912, the first time that coeducational schools were stipulated , with a capitalist nature
4) Renxu school system 633--1922, based on the single-track system in the United States
5. Current educational system in my country
A branched educational system developed from the single-track system, including four levels: preschool, elementary, middle, and advanced
6. Compulsory education system
Germany is the first country in the world to popularize compulsory education; born in capitalist society
China's compulsory education " Education Law " was established in 1986 , including primary school and junior high school; basic education includes kindergarten, junior high school;
Compulsory education is compulsory, free, universal, basic and public
1.6 Educational purpose
1. Concept of educational purpose
Broad sense: people's expectations of educated people
Narrow sense: Schools of all levels and types have specific requirements on the quality and specifications of talent training
2. Levels of educational purpose
·Nation--educational objectives, the general basis for guiding the training objectives of schools at all levels
·School--cultivation goals, the relationship with educational goals is a special and universal relationship
·Teacher-teaching objectives, to complete the educational objectives at a certain stage of the micro level, is specific and measurable
3. The role of educational purposes
· Orientation; Motivation; Evaluation
4. The basis for the establishment of educational goals [ short answers must be memorized ] Specially educated by Marx
· Specific socio-political, economic, and cultural backgrounds;
· The laws of physical and mental development of the educated
· Educational thoughts and values of educational purpose makers;
· Marx's theory on the all-round development of human beings ("Das Kapital": the combination of education and productive labor is the fundamental and only way to realize the all-round development of human beings)
5. Theory of educational purpose
1) Social standard theory - Xunzi, Plato, Durkheim, cultivate qualified citizens and members of society
2) Individualism--Mencius, Rousseau, Ross Jie, cultivate natural persons and develop human personality
3) Life-based theory--Spencer, education is the preparation for a perfect life in the future
4) Education without a purpose--Dewey
6. Our country's education policy is two - serving and two-bonding
Education must serve the socialist modernization drive, serve the appointment, must be combined with productive labor and social practice, and cultivate socialist builders and successors with all-round development in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic aspects
7. The components and relationships of all-round development education [ short answers must be memorized ] German, handsome, smart, healthy, strong, beautiful, labor-intensive
All-round development education consists of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic, labor and technical education:
Moral education plays the role of soul and commander, providing directional guarantee for other education;
Intellectual education is the premise and supporting role, providing knowledge base and ability base for other education;
·Sports are the material basis and the basis of all human activities;
·Aesthetic education is the driving force to coordinate the development of various education;
Aesthetic education, also known as aesthetic education or aesthetic education, is an education that uses artistic beauty, natural beauty and social life beauty to cultivate students' correct aesthetic views and the ability to feel, appreciate and create beauty.
· Labor technical education is the practical basis of comprehensive morality, intelligence, physical beauty