Confucius big history: primitive, aristocrats and oligarchs of the early Chinese
Author: Li Shuo
Publisher: Shanghai People's Publishing House
Subtitle: primitive, aristocrats and oligarchs of the early Chinese
Original Title:
Translator:
Published: April 1, 2019
Pages: 218
Price: 47.20 yuan
Binding: Paperback
ISBN: 9787208157552
01
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The book is based on existing texts and archaeological data, detailed restore the Confucius era in which, when the size of the environment, on the basis of the point of view of academic thought of Confucius and achievements, and his main political and educational activities.
The book of some important points:
1: Spring is China's republican era aristocracy, with European medieval aristocratic society bears some similarity;
2: Britain's Magna Carta, and "Houma Covenant" Confucius era, are the product of negotiations between feudal lords.
3: Confucius want to restore is Zhou Dynasty feudal lords at all levels of society behave, now see is against the historical trend of;
4: Confucius's life instead of the above, but finishing six by a very large contribution, otherwise future generations is difficult to understand society before Confucius;
5: Confucius advocated Practices Act, against the statute, later incorporated into the thinking of Confucius on the basis of written law, it becomes increasingly complex;
6: sage Confucius is not perfect, his family life is a failure, he set of "filial piety" family ethics are also a lot of problems;
7: After the death of Confucius, Zi Gong cheer leading Confucian enhance the status of Confucius, his method is the apotheosis of Confucius;
8: honest and a little stupid Shen, finishing the "Analects of Confucius" and "Book", "Book of Rites" Many anti-human content may be Shen, do not understand the context of the Confucius speak, to future generations buried Confucian "cannibalistic ritual "foreshadowing.
Interpretation of this period of history, I feel stronger than academic skill and Yi Zhongtian Wang Liqun two stars.
Book on different academic views of many events made their choice, logically self-consistent comparison. The most important thing is not only based on the story of the history books say again, but tried to restore the scene at that time.
Feeling finally understand basic reading "The Analects" the main idea.
The story involves the idea that many vassal state, numerous characters and events, and this history is mentioned in the media is relatively small, basically forget looked back in front.
There are many uncommon words, suitable for Kindle PC version look on the computer, you can always check the new words, look at the map at any time.
After the book was attached memorabilia, I feel still missing diagram more detailed maps, and books related to the main character.
5 star overall rating, very good.
02
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The following is an excerpt some of the content of the book, followed by the # kindle is the electronic version of the page:
1: According to the high count, to more than two meters, and a little scary. By a low count, there are about nine meters. Ancient people poor nutritional condition, height generally be a little shorter, so the head of Confucius, to where are the stand out, different. # 261
2: Then the king of weeks, princes, nobles big, do not give yourself a little real estate it? Yes, they have their own copy of "plots", not feudal out, but send some housekeeping to management, the collection of taxes, by which to support themselves, rather than subordinate princes, the doctor, who come tribute money. # 410
3: a small aristocracy of the great lords, the great lords obligations to the monarch, like the princes of the emperor, are primarily contribute to war, basically do not pay taxes. So when the Spring and Autumn nations to war, the size of the nobles drove, with swords and guns on the battlefield and their own serfs, for the monarch to contribute. # 423
4: In general, the relationship between the spring and the nobility and serfs no clear legal norms, then there is no written code, are the nobles of the "rule of man" status. This is also a European medieval layers of feudal relations, but their relatives did not mesh spring and the nobility of such a large, mostly no kinship between lord and vassal, so another set of very complex legal concepts and to regulate the "feudal "relations, rights and obligations prescribed finer, more equal, such as" I vassal vassal is not my vassal. " # 429
5: war, met with chariots of Fang Guojun, to politely greet greeting. Even if you want to capture the enemy's monarch, will walk in the ceremony said kind words. It's only a "gentleman" was only think much in aristocratic circles. So, when the Spring and Autumn war, are playing their own game nobles, small-scale, it does not matter with the people, the war is not very hurt people. # 462
6: The three power and status is not the same, the ranking is reversed: the master Sun Lu Guozheng right season supremacy, from generation to generation; Shu Sun followed; Meng Sun weakest. Lu political situation, in fact, these three families of "republican aristocracy", or "oligarchic republic", they decided to discuss three things that Lu's national policy. # 532
7: Confucius education, and his disciples team, caught in the "social demand" in the beginning so. He taught these students early, mainly "vocational education", the most practical knowledge, not the "Six Classics" set of profound knowledge. # 669
8: Confucius accompany this palace Jingshu travel, be regarded as old club Sun Meng successfully completed an important task, he has also been a real benefit. Most importantly, he had the first carriage in this life. # 752
9: Central Plains of the original peoples of those, some may already have ideas surname; no, also Zhou Renjiang line security a "name" is used to distinguish whether the marriages. Such as businessmen, are "child" family name (descendants of Confucius is a businessman, it is also a "child" family name); Qin, Liang, Chu State is a "win" surname, Xue is "any" surname, Zhu state is "Cao" name . These groups (small countries), have gradually does not have the same surname marriage taboo. S, used to distinguish aristocratic family, the clan. Many's origins. # 779
10: So the Spring and Autumn of the royal court, it can be said is "form, not content," No one openly deny the authority of the royal family, but the internal nations, a matter between the nations, the royal family has been unable to manage. What should be the new international order requires every state find their own way. # 854
11: Spring and Autumn Period, the nations are almost aristocratic turmoil, the root cause is the interest sparked by a woman. The reason for this is simple, later bureaucracy, office (towards the church) politics, at best, to the development of conference tables, table wine; aristocratic society is the family politics, largely under the covers politics. # 954
12: truths Spring and Autumn Period, the state can not be eliminated, the nobility nor destroyed. Which kinds of evil aristocrats, really outrageous, the most appropriate way is to put him to justice: or expulsion, or beheaded (not very decent, usually ordered to commit suicide). But he can not destroy the family, was looking for his brother, cousin, inherited the patriarch position, continue to multiply it. # 1035
13: Qi Lu Zhaogong a party fled, while trying to think of Confucius at home, the conclusion is: to go, to bring his wife and children, to follow the monarch, exiled to the water. Three have rebelled, to continue to follow Ji Ping son, Meng Yi sub bread, is not stand firm, surrendered to the rebels. Confucius notice of management, this consciousness can not be lost. # 1039
14: After returning from Confucius Qi decade, is between 40 and 50 years old, he lives in Lu relatively calm, not an official, mainly recruit apprentice, lectures. This is a period of rapid growth of his academic reputation, many well-known disciples, he invested all this time under the door. # 1250
15: worse situation than the republican oligarchy, Yang Hu is the owner of this butler usurped power, but also mastered the state power. Confucius called small elite "vassal country life enforcement", Pei Chen Yang Hu is that when the housekeeper. Confucius said, this situation, to maintain three generations pretty good. # 1318
16: There are more interesting, future generations who read history had not noticed. Originally, Yang Hu Confucius and the two men, grow tall, it looks exactly the same, it was too good. # 1343
17: In fact, in the Spring and Autumn Period, state relations and later, modern and very different, when the Central Plains all the nations are members of the default under the rule of the Zhou, not much between each other's military readiness; as for neighboring countries and the barbarians, because far away, there is always time to react, generally there is no specific borders border management agency. Then Borders called for the "border province", "closure" is a large mound on the roadside heap, as a symbol of national boundaries, there are few other control measures. # 1426
18: Confucian ideal of political order is nothing new, that is, after the Zhou Dynasty Shang, established dynasty "feudal" order. The first is the relationship between Zhou king (emperor) and a vassal state. Zhou Wang must have authority, they must obey the monarch king week, on a regular basis to perform the Hajj, as the Royal Family. Followed by princes and nobles in the internal relations of the monarch. Wang and Zhou similar relationship with the nations, the monarch must have authority, nobles obey the monarch. # 1622
19: Confucius recognize class distinctions, high and low, but on this basis, he was not in favor of nobles and rulers do whatever they want, but they call on the people a little better, so that people have a way out. He advocated "benevolence", specific to the political and class relations, is called nobles and rulers who do not exploit too much, but do not disregard for human life. # 1663
20: Confucius is the orthodoxy of the Zhou Dynasty, in life rarely comes to spirits, "Inherit strange power, chaos, God." He also said that the wise king, will not take the trouble to go to their private affairs of God, the king offered a sacrifice to God, pray for good weather it is in the world, and not for their own private affairs. And so on, or nobles or ordinary people worship the ancestors of the family Vesta and other small God, and routine, not for some personal affairs. This and other Western religions and Christianity are very different, # 1832
21：如果看看欧洲的贵族时代，视野会更广一些。欧洲中世纪，国王们和贵族也有分权的矛盾，但像春秋这样贵族彻底架空国王的还不多。所以欧洲是贵族们和国王搞盟誓，订法条，规定各自的势力范围和权利义务。英国这个现象最明显，就是八百年前的“大宪章”，主要是贵族们防范国王权力扩张。#2194
22：“堕三都”的事业，就这么成了半吊子工程。三桓家族慢慢开始回过味儿来：原来孔子这人不是那么好使唤的，他有自己的主见，而且还会损害三桓家族的利益。#2493
23：他后来丢了官，周游四方很多年，弟子们照样追随他，吃苦受累甚至担风险，班子一直没散掉，还越来越大。这非常难得，不但之前没有，后世也再没有过这么坚定团结、能折腾的师生团队（除了墨子一伙人，可关于墨子的记载太少，我们不了解详情），这跟孔子的个性很有关系。#2613
24：孔子从政之前，学术声望已经很高，举国上下期望值也大，觉得他一出来当官，鲁国肯定能有一番新气象。可实际上，孔子解决不了鲁国最大的难题：三桓专权。#2643
25：孔子没再婚，也没小妾小老婆，晚年周游列国，一点牵挂都没有。在传统时代，这是标准的另类人士，那时只要家境稍微过得去的人士，都要讨上一两房小妾。后世很多道学先生，嚷着这也学孔子，那也学孔子，但这一条死也学不来。#2946
26：孔子不是十全十美的圣人，他的家庭生活很失败，他那套“孝悌”家庭伦理学说也问题多多。究其原因，可能就因为他是个哲学家，而哲学是不能指导家庭生活的。#2973
27：商人文明最大的特色是鬼神崇拜，而且是嗜血的鬼神崇拜。不管是给天神还是给自己祖先献祭，都杀很多牲畜和人。商人死了埋葬时要杀人殉葬。穷人家没奴隶可杀，也要杀只狗埋上。#3117
28：孔子这种“三代大同小异”历史观，其实完全忘掉了商朝文明的血腥残暴，末代商王纣成了替罪羊，王朝的一切罪恶都归到了商纣头上。这倒不是孔子的创作，很可能是周朝开国者周公的国策；只是这段历史的文献太少，今天已经难以如实复原了。#3173
29：所以孔子理想的司法模式，就是贵族大老爷听完双方的陈述，脑子里转一转，想想以往有什么惯例，然后做出一个判决。但从战国开始，列国搞变法都颁布法典，完全不是孔子这套理想。秦汉时候，法律不考虑亲属关系问题。再到魏晋南北朝、隋唐的时候，儒家的影响越来越大，朝廷立法也受影响，觉得应该把亲属关系考虑到量刑里边去。这一下子就搞复杂了，#3825
30：孔子提倡的君臣尊卑，搞的“堕三都”那类举措，目标也就是建立起和现在楚国一样的政治秩序，但是行不通，贵族寡头的势力太强大，已经积重难返了。楚国明显更适合孔子。但那样一来，就有了更大的“道义”问题。因为他要是给楚王做事，就是承认了在洛阳周王之外，还有个对等的王，更何况历代楚王的梦想，是取代洛阳的周王，统治整个中原世界。#4063
31：冉有左军和齐军混战了一番，双方逐渐都向后撤，又拉开了距离。鲁军班师回城，清点一下战果，斩获敌军首级八十个，自己的损失大概也差不多。四五万人的一场大战，战死百余人，双方都觉得惊心动魄，产生了很多可歌可泣、著之竹帛的言行。#4382
32：孔子最后生活在鲁国的这几年，季康子对他完全是国老、国师的待遇，但没给他安排实职，不用管具体事。#4474
33：这也是春秋史一直上演的一幕：“蛮夷”国家没有贵族寡头政治的传统，集权程度高，能迅速崛起。可当他们接触到“文明”的中原世界，会被这里复杂的文化和游戏规则吸引，也想按照中原的政治伦理来当霸主，维持中原旧秩序。这又降低了他们的战斗力和扩张性。楚国、吴国相继走过这个历程，而在吴国灭亡后，取代它的越国也走上了这个循环。#4638
34：虽说是拿腔捏调的官报，有总比没有好，《春秋》能抄出来，变成书，已经是很大的进步了。其他国家的档案，没有经过这种汇编整理，就大都失传了。#4717
35：他整理了“六经”，让这些文献可以完整、准确地传递给后世人，可谓功德无量。因为“六经”都是春秋和更早的文献，里面记载的那些事件、文化，和后世中国（战国以后的）很不一样。如果没有“六经”，现代人几乎没法解读上古中国。#4826
36：孔墓外面盖起了一百多所房子，形成了一个郊外街区，被称为“孔里”，到近代变成了著名的孔府、孔庙、孔林，“三孔”旅游景点，还有人把这里叫“阙里”，说这是孔子在曲阜城里住的街区，他讲学也在这里。其实在孔子时代，他的坟墓还在曲阜城外。孔子活着的时候和今天的“三孔”没任何关系，这里只是他的墓地而已。#5144
37：面对社会上对孔子的质疑和否定，子贡带头振作孔门，提升孔子地位，他的方法就是神化孔子，把孔子包装得全知全能、半人半神。#5232
38：再后来，子贡去世了，曾参也老了，他有了完全的自主权，才和学生们合作，把孔子生平说过的话、办过的事正式写下来，这就是《论语》和《礼记》两部书。直到曾参死后，他的弟子们还在往《礼记》里面增补各种内容。#5431
39：孔子的形象被比较真实地记录下来，多亏了曾参的老实，这主要是《论语》；把儒家学说搞得不近人情，没人性，埋下了“吃人的礼教”的伏笔，则是因为曾参的愚蠢，主要代表是《礼记》。所以，要说塑造儒家的功劳，除了孔子这个开山始祖，就是曾参这个记录、转述人了。#5445
40：五年时间里，从孔子后人、一介书生到兵团主帅，目睹和亲自促成了暴秦瓦解、霸王陨落，然后又是著述生活。孔藂的身份跨界之大，故事信息量之浓缩，远超过《静静的顿河》里的格里高利。我们今天的人，能写好他的故事吗？#6746
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