For half a century, Stanford computer scientist Donald Knuth (Donald Knuth) has become a spiritual teacher in the field of algorithms. Yoda and his "Star Wars" in some similarities ── though he stands 6 feet 4 inches (about 193 cm), wearing a pair of glasses.
Knuth is the author of "computer programming art", which is his monumental four-volume work of life. The first volume was published in 1968, full-volume (boxed sell about $ 250) in 2013 was the scientific journal "American Scientist" included into the "shape the science of the last century," among the list of books, and "Charles Darwin's autobiography" special version, Tom Wolfe "real thing," Rachel Carson's "silent spring," and Eerbote Einstein, John von Neumann, Richard Feynman's writings side by side.
▲ spiritual mentor in the field of algorithms, Stanford computer scientist Donald Knuth author of "computer programming art", the book known as the computer field "Bible"
"Computer programmer art" sold over one million, can be said that the Bible computer field. "As the real Bible, its content is very long, very detailed, and it can be no other book as comprehensive." Google research director Peter. Nuomi Ge said. Turn the page 652, vol end, on the black back cover says Bill Gates recommended language, "If you can read the entire contents, be sure to send a letter to my resume."
At the beginning of "computer programmer art" Excerpt from "McCall's CookBook":
** This is what you wrote thousands of letters, requested that book we publish. We spent a lot of repeated inspection countless recipes, just to bring you the best, most interesting, most perfect content. **
The book is mainly about the algorithm within the text of this recipe ── digital age though Gartner love to point out, on 3, 800 years ago, the Babylonian tablets, the algorithm can also be found. Knuth was a highly respected scholar algorithm, his name appeared on some of the most important algorithms in the field, for example, Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm to find the string. This algorithm is conceived in the 1970s, it can find all the given text appears in the text, for example, when you use Ctrl + F search for keywords in the document, is the application of this algorithm.
▲ Gartner looked at the first technical papers he published at the age of 19.
As he dressed up in previous years, the now 80-year-old Donald Knuth, often dressed like a young geek (geek): long-sleeved T-shirt and then sets out the short-sleeved T-shirt, and a pair of jeans, at least this year moment, he always dressed. Early in the day, he spends his time with the company of the machine, write some original programs, tinker with zero and one.
Nuo Mige mention, "Knuth proved the system can be resolved to the level of machine language." However, the algorithm has become the mainstream of today, no longer makes general engineer to ignore those binary garbage, and instead focus on layer after layer abstraction layer codes, and is often used in a series of codes from the library got. However, top engineers still occasionally do a more in-depth study.
"At Google, sometimes we just put together a pile of the program." In a Google Trip conference organized by the Mountain View, California, Nuomi Ge said, "But other times, if you are serving billions of users, then, then the efficiency will be very important to enhance the efficiency of 10%, you can create billions of dollars of value. to achieve this, some efficiency standards, you must understand the full context of the program. "
Or just as a graduate student Knuth previous: Google's top scientist Andrei Broder explained in the meeting, "I want to provide some theoretical basis for the research we do is we do not need superficial, or loopholes. second-rate algorithm. we do not want other algorithms scientist says, "you guys are idiots." "
Founded in 2016, the Google Trip applications, the use of "directional algorithm" scheduled day recommended tours. Development team focused on the "Best of the worst days of tourism quality" ── like saying, avoid direct users back to the same areas, just to enjoy the different attractions. They get inspiration from the Swiss mathematician Lianghade algorithm. Euler proposed 300 years ago, the mathematician who want to draw a bridge across 普鲁士柯尼 Myers 7 each time the route. Dr. Gardner in the first volume of his writings in classical Euler explained the problem. (Euler method he applied on a textile machine controlled by computer)
Gartner follow the teachings, to avoid becoming "a pile of code a fool." As we all know, he has proposed the concept of "literary programming", emphasizing humans and computers, the readability of the code is very important ── This concept now seems almost hypocritical. Gartner even that part of the code is sufficient to par Elisabeth Bishop's poems, as well as Philip Roth's "American Pastoral", won the Pulitzer Prize too.
Knuth is also a notorious perfectionist. Web comic "xkcd", "the interpreter of all things" by Randall Monroe for the first time that Gartner, or because someone said that if he found any error from the book, you can get a bonus. Monroe recalls, "they said Gartner get bonuses like to get the Nobel Prize of computer science."
Gartner self-demanding, a lot of art and other personal traits, which might explain why he was away from the line for the completion of seemingly nowhere in sight. Gartner and Google co-founder Sergey Brin bet Brin could see before he completed the work, received his Ph.D.
Algorithms early light Zhaxian
At 19, Knuth on "crazy magazine" published his first technical papers "The Potrzebie System of Weights and Measures". Before he became a science in computer science, already was a computer scientist, he studied mathematics located Kelifulan, now known as Case Western Reserve University's School. He looked at the demonstration program on campus IBM 650, which is a large-scale computer decimal system, and from which to explore some of the pitfalls, they re-write the software and textbooks. In an affiliated program, he wrote computer programs for the basketball team ran statistical data to help them win the league title, but also won the title of "e-coaching" of.
During the summer, Gartner write the resulting compiler income, more than a full year's salary professor. The compiler like a translation machine, high-level programming language can be converted into low-level programming language, and make improvements to the process. In the computer science field, "Optimize" really is an art, Gartner has a motto, "Best of it is the root of all evil sloppy."
In the end, Gartner himself as a "compiler" is not intended to open up a room and a new field he calls "algorithmic analysis" of. Publishing house has hired him to write a book about the compiler, but eventually evolved into a collection of his knowledge of computer programming books all ── a book about algorithms.
▲ "computer programmer art" in 2013 was included into the scientific journal "Science Shaping the last century," among the list of books.
「文艺复兴时期，人们开始好奇算法这个词的起源。」高德纳说，「早期的语言学家透过组合algiros(痛苦)及arithmos(数字)等字词，试图推导出它的由来。」高德纳继续说道，「事实上，九世纪波斯教科书作者阿布.阿卜杜拉.穆罕默德.伊本.穆萨.花拉子米的着作中，曾出现这个词的拉丁语版本『Algorithmi』。」1979年时，高德纳曾亲自前往乌兹别克斯坦，朝圣花拉子米的故乡。
刚开始写作时，高德纳其实只想写成一本书。没过多久，电脑科学遇上爆炸性的发展，所以他重新构想了这部作品，决定重着成7卷的长篇巨着。现在他将每一卷编纂成多个分册。接下来要出版的是「第四卷的第五册」，涵盖「回溯法」、「舞蹈链」算法，原订2018年圣诞节推出，不过后来推延到2019年4月，因为他挖掘出越来越多有趣的问题，希望能一并收录进书中。
为了尽早完成这本着作，高德纳非常重视时间安排。他55岁退休，极少参与公众活动，甚至删除了公开信箱。安德雷.布罗德回忆道，即便在1980年代早期，高德纳也十分注重时间管理。
高德纳一般在周五上午与学生会面，接着他会到人工智能概念创立者约翰.麦卡锡的实验室度过夜晚时光，他可以使用那里闲置的电脑。当数码出版问世，他看见心爱的着作在屏幕上呈现的样貌时，简直吓坏了，而决定担负起开发TeX电脑排版系统的重责大任，现在这套系统仍是所有科学刊物的黄金标准。有人认为这是高德纳对世界最伟大的贡献，更是自古腾堡以来，印刷术史上最大的贡献。
快乐是主要目标
这条长达十年的曲折过程，发生在电脑需要与他人共享，在夜晚跑得更快的那个年代。高德纳决定颠倒日夜行程，并将与学生的会面改成晚上8点至午夜。安德雷.布罗德忆起当时，「我告诉女朋友因为周五晚上10点必须和教授碰面，所以没办法在一起时，她觉得『这件事简直蠢到家了。』」
当高德纳现身时，他一定会全心全意投入在眼前的事情上。「在他身边就会让你感到很愉快。」微软研究院董事总经理珍妮佛.蔡司提到，「他是团体里最出色的。如果有人既温暖又有深度，那个人就是高德纳。」
高德纳居住在史丹佛，他接受客人於周日来访。他空出一整天是非常难得的一件事──他通常只有下午1点至4点间，称为「模除午睡时间」(modulo nap time)的时段有空闲。这天，高德纳会很早起床，前往帕罗奥图第一路德教堂讲授周日课程，并在开车回程途中，对数学进行哲学上的思考。
「我永远不可能知道所有事。」高德纳说，「如果我无所不知，或者一无所知，我的生活品质都会比现在糟糕许多。」接着他带我参观了他那栋「加州现代风格」的屋子。这栋房屋是他和妻子高精兰於1970年时建造。他的办公室乱七八糟地堆放着大量随身碟，还装饰着由身为平面设计师的妻子制作的情人节心型艺术品。最令我印象深刻的是音乐房，环绕着他订制的812根音管的管风琴。最后我们还开了拼图派对、喝了点啤酒，为这天收尾。
拼图与游戏──动笔撰写一本关於超现实数的中篇小说、谱写一部90分钟的管风琴多媒体作品《幻想启示录》(Fantasia Apocalyptica)──都是高德纳的兴趣。他的书中有一段名为「拼图与现实世界」，他把这段内容寄给了麻省理工学院的一对父子档，艺术家马丁.德梅以及电脑科学家艾瑞克.德梅，因为高德纳使用了他们的「算法拼图字体」。
「我非常激动。」艾瑞克.德梅说，「能出现在这本书里是我的荣幸。」他提到一句高德纳的名言，同时也是「和算法同乐」双年会的座右铭，「快乐也许是一直以来的主要目标。」
算法的「反扑」
不过接着，德梅表示，这个领域开始追求实用了，工程师、科学家和艺术家正携手合作，他们使用德梅父子为摺纸与弯曲连接杆设计的数学摺纸方法，解决现实问题，例如蛋白质折叠、机器人、安全气囊等。
Of course, complicated algorithms can also cause real problems. Issue written algorithm to solve mankind's more and more difficult, but also create the code has Bug and prejudice, which has enough trouble. Even more worrying, perhaps, is that code is not from the staff, but after writing machine learning.
Engineers still training with the machine, they provide data. (Data is biased and new areas of Bug, but the Bug here and Prejudice much harder to detect and repair) However, as the MIT Media Lab researcher Kevin Slavin said, "We write now algorithm even do not understand, this forms a very unique times, we are subject to those derived from humans, but we do not understand the concept of action and results. "Slaven often referred to as," If you are algorithm, then the future is bright. "
If you are familiar with knowledge of the algorithm Gartner, the future is even brighter. "Today, engineers use the results of Gartner and other experts, as part of their algorithm, and then integrate all the other things they need." Google research director Peter. Nuomi Ge said.
"AI is true, but the integration process will be completed based on data automation, rather than through the hands of engineers. You want the AI can transmit data, integrate all the best answer, but you have to decide what content is most likely occurred entirety by Gartner as one page or a chapter of a situation, because this is the best way to complete certain tasks. "
Fortunately, Gartner adhere to the completion of the work. He estimates had to spend 25 years to complete, "a computer programmer art", although this figure since 1980 have not changed over. Algorithms written algorithm, will occupy a page or a chapter in the book do? "Never." Gartner said.
"I worry that the algorithm will become too important in the world." He added, "At first computer scientists worried that no one would listen to their words. Now I'm worried about is if we listen to too many people."
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