[A] common module common module py_ Module II

py_ Module II

 

time module

And time has a relationship we will use the time module. Before using the module, you should first import this module.

# Common method 
1.time.sleep (secs) 
(thread) to postpone a specified time to run. Seconds. 
2.time.time () 
to get the current timestamp

Three ways represents the time of

In Python, there are typically three ways to represent time: time stamp tuples (struct_time), the formatted time string:

(1) timestamp (timestamp): Generally speaking, the timestamp indicates that from January 1970 00:00:00 1st offset press in seconds. We run "type (time.time ())", returns a float.

(2) the formatted time string (Format String): '1999-12-06'

% y represents a two-digit year (00-99 ) %
 the Y represents a four-digit year (000-9999 ) %
 m (01-12 )
within% d month of day (0-31 of ) %
 H 24 hours number (manufactured by 0-23 hours ) %
 h 12 is the number of the I (manufactured by 01-12 hours ) %
 M number of minutes (00 = 59 ) %
 S seconds (00-59 )
 % A simplified week local name
 % A full week of local name
 % b local simplified month name
 % B full month name local
 % C indicates the corresponding local date and time indicates
 one day (001-366% j years )
 % P AM or PM local character equivalent
 % of U week of the year number (00-53 ) on Sunday as the start of the week
 % w week (0-6 ), Sunday to begin the week of
 % W week number of the year (00-53 ) Monday to start the week of
 % the X-local corresponding date It represents
 % X-indicates the corresponding local time
% Name Z current time zone
 number %%% itself

(3) tuple (struct_time): struct_time tuple total of nine elements were nine elements :( year, month, day, hour, minute, second, the first few weeks of the year, day of the year, etc.)

Index (Index) Property (Attribute) Value (Values)
0 tm_year (years) For example, 2011
1 tm_mon (月) 1 - 12
2 tm_mday (Japan) 1 - 31
3 tm_hour (time) 0 - 23
4 tm_min (points) 0 - 59
5 tm_sec (s) 0 - 60
6 tm_wday(weekday) 0--6 (0 for Monday)
7 tm_yday (the first day of the year) 1 - 366
8 tm_isdst (whether it is daylight saving time) The default is 0

 First, we import the time module, to understand what python represents time in several formats:

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# Import time module 
>>> Import Time 

# timestamp 
>>> the time.time () 
1,500,875,844.800804 

# Time String 
>>> The time.strftime ( "%% Y-X-M-% D%") 
'2017-07- 13:54:37 24 ' 
>>> The time.strftime ( "% D%% Y-H-M-%%% M-S") 
' 2017-07-24 13-55-04 ' 

# time tuples: localtime will convert a timestamp of the current time zone struct_time 
time.localtime () 
a time.struct_time (tm_year = 2017, = tm_mon. 7, 24 = tm_mday, 
          tm_hour = 13 is, tm_min = 59, = 37 [tm_sec, 
                 tm_wday = 0, = tm_yday 205, tm_isdst = 0)
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Summary: The computer is able to identify the timestamp of the time; time string is one can read time; tuple is used to operate the time

Conversion between several formats

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# Timestamp -> Structured time 
# time.gmtime (timestamp) #UTC time, consistent with the local time in London 
# time.localtime (time stamp) # local time. For example, we now perform in Beijing this method: 8 hours difference with UTC, UTC time is GMT +8 hours = 
>>> time.gmtime (1.5 billion) 
a time.struct_time (tm_year = 2017, tm_mon = 7, tm_mday = 14, tm_hour 2 =, = tm_min 40, tm_sec = 0, = tm_wday. 4, tm_yday = 195, the tm_isdst = 0) 
>>> time.localtime (1.5 billion) 
a time.struct_time (tm_year = 2017, = tm_mon. 7, tm_mday = 14, = tm_hour 10, tm_min = 40, tm_sec = 0, = tm_wday. 4, tm_yday = 195, the tm_isdst = 0) 

# structured time -> timestamp 
# time.mktime (structured time) 
>>> time_tuple = time.localtime (1.5 billion ) 
>>> time.mktime (time_tuple) 
1500000000.0
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Structured Time # -> Time String 
# The time.strftime ( "Format Definition", "structured Time") if the structured transmission time parameter, the current time is displayed 
>>> time.strftime ( "% Y-% % D% X-M- ") 
'2017-07-24 14:55:36' 
>>> The time.strftime ("% Y-M-% D% ", time.localtime (1.5 billion)) 
'2017-07- 14 ' 

# string time -> structured time 
# the time.strptime (time string, the corresponding string format) 
>>> the time.strptime ( "2017-03-16", "% D% Y-M-% ") 
a time.struct_time (tm_year = 2017, = tm_mon. 3, tm_mday = 16, tm_hour = 0, 0 = tm_min, tm_sec = 0, = tm_wday. 3, tm_yday = 75, the tm_isdst = -1) 
>>> the time.strptime ( "07/24/2017", "% m /% D /% the Y") 
a time.struct_time (tm_year = 2017, = tm_mon. 7, 24 = tm_mday, tm_hour = 0, 0 = tm_min, tm_sec = 0, 0 = tm_wday , tm_yday = 205, tm_isdst = -1 )
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#结构化时间 --> %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y串
#time.asctime(结构化时间) 如果不传参数,直接返回当前时间的格式化串
>>>time.asctime(time.localtime(1500000000))
'Fri Jul 14 10:40:00 2017'
>>>time.asctime()
'Mon Jul 24 15:18:33 2017'

#时间戳 --> %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y串
#time.ctime(时间戳)  如果不传参数,直接返回当前时间的格式化串
>>>time.ctime()
'Mon Jul 24 15:19:07 2017'
>>>time.ctime(1500000000)
'Fri Jul 14 10:40:00 2017' 
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  计算时间差

 collections模块

方法一:from collections import Counter

Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型,以字典的键值对形式存储,其中元素作为key,其计数作为value。计数值可以是任意的Interger(包括0和负数)。Counter类和其他语言的bags或multisets很相似。

c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')
print c
输出:Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})

方法二:from collections import namedtuple

命名元组

们知道tuple可以表示不变集合,例如,一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成:

>>> p = (1, 2)

但是,看到(1, 2),很难看出这个tuple是用来表示一个坐标的。

这时,namedtuple就派上了用场:

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a = nametuple('alex',['x','y'])
p = alex(1,2)
p.x
p.y

1
2
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似的,如果要用坐标和半径表示一个圆,也可以用namedtuple定义:

#namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):
Circle = namedtuple('Circle', ['x', 'y', 'r'])

方法三:from collections import defaultdict

默认字典

la = [('红色',1),('黄色',1),('绿色',1),('蓝色',1),('红色',5),('绿色',1),('绿色',1),('绿色',1)]  计算各颜色的数量,格式----{'红色': 6, '黄色': 1, '绿色': 4, '蓝色': 1}

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li = [
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'抽烟'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'喝酒'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'烫头'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'撩妹'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'小宝剑'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'游泳'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'打牌'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'烫头'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'洗脚'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'开车'},
]

打印出如下格式:{'alex': ['抽烟', '喝酒', '烫头', '撩妹'], 'wusir': ['小宝剑', '游泳', '打牌'], '太白': ['烫头', '洗脚', '开车']}

j = defaultdict(list)  # {'dict':[]}
for i in li:
    if j.get(i['name']):
        j[i['name']].append(i['hobby'])
    else:
        j[i['name']] = [i['hobby']]
print(dict(j))

 

方法四:from collections import deque

使用list存储数据时,按索引访问元素很快,但是插入和删除元素就很慢了,因为list是线性存储,数据量大的时候,插入和删除效率很低。

deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表,适合用于队列和栈:

>>> from collections import deque
>>> q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
>>> q.append('x')
>>> q.appendleft('y')
>>> q
deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])

deque除了实现list的append()pop()外,还支持appendleft()popleft(),这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素。

datetime,timedelta

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from datetime import datetime,timedelta

print(datetime.now())                              # 时间对象

f = datetime.timestamp(datetime.now())   # 将时间对象转换成时间戳
print(f)
print(datetime.fromtimestamp(f))              # 将时间戳转换成时间对象

print(datetime.strptime('2018-11-30','%Y-%m-%d'))   # 将字符串转成时间对象

f = datetime.now()
print(datetime.strftime(f,'%Y-%m-%d'))   # 将时间对象转成字符串

print(datetime.now() - timedelta(weeks=1))  # 重点记***************
# 参数: seconds(秒)  microseconds(微秒)  milliseconds(毫秒)  minutes(分钟)  hours(小时)  weeks(周)
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time模块

和时间有关系的我们就要用到时间模块。在使用模块之前,应该首先导入这个模块。

#常用方法
1.time.sleep(secs)
(线程)推迟指定的时间运行。单位为秒。
2.time.time()
获取当前时间戳

表示时间的三种方式

在Python中,通常有这三种方式来表示时间:时间戳、元组(struct_time)、格式化的时间字符串:

(1)时间戳(timestamp) :通常来说,时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。我们运行“type(time.time())”,返回的是float类型。

(2)格式化的时间字符串(Format String): ‘1999-12-06’

%y 两位数的年份表示(00-99%Y 四位数的年份表示(000-9999%m 月份(01-12%d 月内中的一天(0-31%H 24小时制小时数(0-23%I 12小时制小时数(01-12%M 分钟数(00=59%S 秒(00-59%a 本地简化星期名称
%A 本地完整星期名称
%b 本地简化的月份名称
%B 本地完整的月份名称
%c 本地相应的日期表示和时间表示
%j 年内的一天(001-366%p 本地A.M.或P.M.的等价符
%U 一年中的星期数(00-53)星期天为星期的开始
%w 星期(0-6),星期天为星期的开始
%W 一年中的星期数(00-53)星期一为星期的开始
%x 本地相应的日期表示
%X 本地相应的时间表示
%Z 当前时区的名称
%% %号本身

(3)元组(struct_time) :struct_time元组共有9个元素共九个元素:(年,月,日,时,分,秒,一年中第几周,一年中第几天等)

索引(Index) 属性(Attribute) 值(Values)
0 tm_year(年) 比如2011
1 tm_mon(月) 1 - 12
2 tm_mday(日) 1 - 31
3 tm_hour(时) 0 - 23
4 tm_min(分) 0 - 59
5 tm_sec(秒) 0 - 60
6 tm_wday(weekday) 0 - 6(0表示周一)
7 tm_yday(一年中的第几天) 1 - 366
8 tm_isdst(是否是夏令时) 默认为0

 首先,我们先导入time模块,来认识一下python中表示时间的几种格式:

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#导入时间模块
>>>import time

#时间戳
>>>time.time()
1500875844.800804

#时间字符串
>>>time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X")
'2017-07-24 13:54:37'
>>>time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S")
'2017-07-24 13-55-04'

#时间元组:localtime将一个时间戳转换为当前时区的struct_time
time.localtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=24,
          tm_hour=13, tm_min=59, tm_sec=37, 
                 tm_wday=0, tm_yday=205, tm_isdst=0)
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小结:时间戳是计算机能够识别的时间;时间字符串是人能够看懂的时间;元组则是用来操作时间的

几种格式之间的转换

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#时间戳-->结构化时间
#time.gmtime(时间戳)    #UTC时间,与英国伦敦当地时间一致
#time.localtime(时间戳) #当地时间。例如我们现在在北京执行这个方法:与UTC时间相差8小时,UTC时间+8小时 = 北京时间 
>>>time.gmtime(1500000000)
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=14, tm_hour=2, tm_min=40, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=195, tm_isdst=0)
>>>time.localtime(1500000000)
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=14, tm_hour=10, tm_min=40, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=195, tm_isdst=0)

#结构化时间-->时间戳 
#time.mktime(结构化时间)
>>>time_tuple = time.localtime(1500000000)
>>>time.mktime(time_tuple)
1500000000.0
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#结构化时间-->字符串时间
#time.strftime("格式定义","结构化时间")  结构化时间参数若不传,则显示当前时间
>>>time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %X")
'2017-07-24 14:55:36'
>>>time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d",time.localtime(1500000000))
'2017-07-14'

#字符串时间-->结构化时间
#time.strptime(时间字符串,字符串对应格式)
>>>time.strptime("2017-03-16","%Y-%m-%d")
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=16, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=75, tm_isdst=-1)
>>>time.strptime("07/24/2017","%m/%d/%Y")
time.struct_time(tm_year=2017, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=24, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0, tm_sec=0, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=205, tm_isdst=-1)
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#结构化时间 --> %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y串
#time.asctime(结构化时间) 如果不传参数,直接返回当前时间的格式化串
>>>time.asctime(time.localtime(1500000000))
'Fri Jul 14 10:40:00 2017'
>>>time.asctime()
'Mon Jul 24 15:18:33 2017'

#时间戳 --> %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y串
#time.ctime(时间戳)  如果不传参数,直接返回当前时间的格式化串
>>>time.ctime()
'Mon Jul 24 15:19:07 2017'
>>>time.ctime(1500000000)
'Fri Jul 14 10:40:00 2017' 
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  计算时间差

 collections模块

方法一:from collections import Counter

Counter类的目的是用来跟踪值出现的次数。它是一个无序的容器类型,以字典的键值对形式存储,其中元素作为key,其计数作为value。计数值可以是任意的Interger(包括0和负数)。Counter类和其他语言的bags或multisets很相似。

c = Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba')
print c
输出:Counter({'a': 5, 'b': 4, 'c': 3, 'd': 2, 'e': 1})

方法二:from collections import namedtuple

命名元组

们知道tuple可以表示不变集合,例如,一个点的二维坐标就可以表示成:

>>> p = (1, 2)

但是,看到(1, 2),很难看出这个tuple是用来表示一个坐标的。

这时,namedtuple就派上了用场:

Copy the code
a = nametuple('alex',['x','y'])
p = alex(1,2)
p.x
p.y

1
2
Copy the code

似的,如果要用坐标和半径表示一个圆,也可以用namedtuple定义:

#namedtuple('名称', [属性list]):
Circle = namedtuple('Circle', ['x', 'y', 'r'])

方法三:from collections import defaultdict

默认字典

la = [('红色',1),('黄色',1),('绿色',1),('蓝色',1),('红色',5),('绿色',1),('绿色',1),('绿色',1)]  计算各颜色的数量,格式----{'红色': 6, '黄色': 1, '绿色': 4, '蓝色': 1}

  View Code

li = [
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'抽烟'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'喝酒'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'烫头'},
    {'name':'alex','hobby':'撩妹'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'小宝剑'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'游泳'},
    {'name':'wusir','hobby':'打牌'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'烫头'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'洗脚'},
    {'name':'太白','hobby':'开车'},
]

打印出如下格式:{'alex': ['抽烟', '喝酒', '烫头', '撩妹'], 'wusir': ['小宝剑', '游泳', '打牌'], '太白': ['烫头', '洗脚', '开车']}

j = defaultdict(list)  # {'dict':[]}
for i in li:
    if j.get(i['name']):
        j[i['name']].append(i['hobby'])
    else:
        j[i['name']] = [i['hobby']]
print(dict(j))

 

方法四:from collections import deque

使用list存储数据时,按索引访问元素很快,但是插入和删除元素就很慢了,因为list是线性存储,数据量大的时候,插入和删除效率很低。

deque是为了高效实现插入和删除操作的双向列表,适合用于队列和栈:

>>> from collections import deque
>>> q = deque(['a', 'b', 'c'])
>>> q.append('x')
>>> q.appendleft('y')
>>> q
deque(['y', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'x'])

deque除了实现list的append()pop()外,还支持appendleft()popleft(),这样就可以非常高效地往头部添加或删除元素。

datetime,timedelta

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datetime datetime Import from, timedelta 

Print (DateTime.Now ()) # Time Object 

f = datetime.timestamp (datetime.now ()) # the time of the object into a timestamp 
Print (F) 
Print (datetime.fromtimestamp (F)) # converted into time stamp target 

print (datetime.strptime ( '2018-11-30', '% Y-% m-% d')) # string converted to time the object 

F = DateTime.Now () 
Print (datetime.strftime (f, '% Y- % m-% d')) # object into a string of time will be transferred 

print (datetime.now () - timedelta ( weeks = 1)) # key referred ***** ********** 
# parameters: seconds (sec) microseconds (sec) milliseconds (ms) minutes (min) hours (h) weeks (weeks)
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Origin www.cnblogs.com/youxiu123/p/11480748.html