1. The invention of the transistor.
As early as the 1940s, Bell Labs to determine the semiconductor, research such as silicon, germanium applications in electrical, I probably can not remember transistor they invented out at what time, just know that the Nobel in physics in 1956 Prize awarded to them, which shows important this invention. A transistor, the effect achieved is very simple, unidirectional conductive and current amplification, and this conductivity may be unidirectional (base) to be controlled by a pin, the base voltage is applied, current is allowed to flow from the emitter electrode collector, which it formed a basic computer logic, and laid a solid foundation for the development of large scale integrated circuits later, or else the computer absolutely impossible civilian, also like the Eniac (first computer, there are several large rooms) as only military. Seemingly simple invention, but in reality there is no basis for a wealth of quantum physics, the solution is difficult to understand the truth inside. This is also the reason for the Nobel Prize in Physics profound. For a student to read the physical sciences, any order to a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1900 has a thorough understanding are difficult, at least I think so.
2. The integrated circuit of the invention.
World-renowned Texas Instruments, in his laboratory, once produced had a pivotal invention that integrated circuits. 1958 Texas Instruments, a man named Kilby for his whimsy applied for a patent, that is, silicon copper plate to achieve a small circuit with a copper wire instead of a regular line. Today the core of each computer, all thrive in his direction. The late Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in the era of the Internet bubble in 2000, the first time in 42 years, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and the media, he would look for a word: value. Without his invention, where there will be today's computers, today's mobile phones, and even penetrated into all aspects of life embedded computer. I suddenly thought of a scene, and once (2002), Samuel Ting, the Chinese do lectures on physics, there are bewildered students asked, studying the (quantum mechanical) problem with what Professor Ding answered him but she was bewildered. He said single transistor mentioned above, an invention which is sufficient to name the quantum mechanics, and also not to mention many other related inventions.
3. The optical fiber of the invention.
Is fiber optical fiber should read xian, Baidu Pinyin Why should I fight every time to correct xian. Love Boat Tracker, tow rope, fiber cables have confirmed this word should read qian. Cable, fiber, good, called light xian. Is this pronunciation is prescribed XXX. Do not say this, thanks to the invention of optical fiber, Dr. Kao sustained research, from the beginning of the 1960s, three or four years of study, for large-scale use of optical fiber paved the way. Recall Kao determine the initial research direction, difficult projects and expansion of government support, fund, I think the country backward. Do not look fibers now appears that "easy", the original light decay meter accuracy, the manufacturing line with a purity of glass, the detection length specified wavelength, difficulties are great. That dragged on for four decades. Now fiber using wavelength division multiplexing technology, the speed can reach tens of Tb per second, hundreds of kilometers can not increase the amplifier relay, the thief can dig into afraid. Think about how much money he saved the world. At the moment there is no fiber Unicom vigorously promote the value of the theft, we should also think of the contribution of Dr. Kao. In 2009 the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Dr. Kao award of the Nobel Prize in Physics, which he has been 76 years.
4. The mass storage hard disk of the present invention (GMR).
To put it plainly why is it called a computer hard disk, because of his hard drives and magnetic tape head is. Disk has long been, but not his memory density, a hard disk dozens of G, was already the limit (at least until all this before 1990). Principle disk by changing the magnetic resistance of the conductor, the resistance change of the current through the conductor will change, and thus to distinguish 01. In 1956, British scientist has been found that applying a magnetic conductor, and inconsistent direction of the magnetic current direction, the magnitude of the current will change weak, it can be considered to change the magnetic resistance of the conductor. But this slight change is not sufficient to use the disk, to be exact is a high-density disk. It said disk can be a need for a high-density material, such material can be sensitive to changes in resistance induced magnetic field caused, and then converted into a digital signal. In 1988, a French professor (Kent), found iron - a giant magneto-resistance effect layer 60 sandwich cookies formula chromium. I think it is strange, why is iron-chromium, or why 60 layers. GMR referred to as GMR, an improved manufacturing process and later in the United States, Britain, only laid the foundation for today's high-density disks can be used to 500G, 1000G disk, under the professor and the gratitude of France. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2007.
