一、前言
前面几章介绍了 MySQL 的安装和简单的配置，只会这些还不够，作为 Linux 系统管理员，我们还需要掌握一些基本的操作，以满足日常管理工作所需。MySQL环境中的命令需要带一个分号作为命令结束符。
MySQL 之父 Widenius 先生离开了 Sun 之后，觉得依靠 Sun/Oracle 来发展 MySQL，实在很不靠谱，于是决定另开分支，这个分支的名字叫做 MariaDB。MariaDB 跟 MySQL 在绝大多数方面是兼容的，对于开发者来说，几乎感觉不到任何不同。目前 MariaDB 是发展最快的 MySQL 分支版本，新版本发布速度已经超过了 Oracle 官方的 MySQL 版本。
二、常用操作
2.1 增加新用户和授权
连接 MySQL 数据库的命令为：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -h192.168.1.121 -uroot -p123456 -D mysql mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 19 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> select database(); +------------+ | database() | +------------+ | mysql | +------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
-h 指定远程MySQL数据库服务器地址，-u 指定登录用户名，-p指定密码，-D指定要直接连接到哪个数据库，默认连接端口为 3306，也可以使用 -P 选项来指定其他端口。
也可以使用 socket 登录，如下：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -uroot -S /tmp/mysql.sock -p123456
增加一个用户 test1 密码为 123456，让他可以从任何主机上登录，并对所有数据库有查询、插入、修改、删除的权限。
首先用以root用户连入MySQL，然后键入以下命令：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -uroot -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 13 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> grant select,insert,update,delete on *.* to 'test1'@'%' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye [root@ryan linux]# mysql -utest1 -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 14 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
让 root 用户可以从任何主机上登录，并对所有数据库有所有权限，如下：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -uroot -p123456 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 3 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> grant all on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
让用户 rain 从指定客户端地址 192.168.1.101 访问 MySQL 数据库，并对所有数据库有所有权限，如下：
mysql> grant all on discuz.* to 'rain'@'192.168.1.101' identified by '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
其中，all 表示所有的权限（包括读、写、查询、删除等操作）；discuz表示数据库，*表示所有的表，如果是*.*则表示所有的数据库和所有的表；identified by 后面跟密码，用单引号括起来；用户和主机的IP之间有一个符号 '@'，命令中的 IP 也可以使用 '%' 代替，表示所有主机。
授权前后对比，客户端 windows 地址为 192.168.1.101，MySQL 服务器端 Linux 地址为 192.168.1.121，如下：
C:\Users\Administrator>mysql -urain -h192.168.1.121 -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'rain'@'192.168.1.101' (using password: YES) C:\Users\Administrator>mysql -urain -h192.168.1.121 -p123456 mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure. Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 11 Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2015, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respectiveowners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
远程连接 MySQL 服务器时，需要确保放行 3306 端口，如下：
[root@ryan linux]# iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT [root@ryan linux]# /etc/init.d/iptables save iptables: Saving firewall rules to /etc/sysconfig/iptables:[ OK ]
也可以直接修改 iptables 配置文件 /etc/sysconfig/iptables，添加3306放行规则，如下：
[root@ryan linux]# vim /etc/sysconfig/iptables -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT [root@ryan linux]# service iptables restart
常见错误：
错误1：
# mysql -uroot -h192.168.1.121 -p
ERROR 2003 (HY000): Can't connect to MySQL server on '192.168.1.121' (10060)
出现这个错误的原因可能是：远程3306端口未对外开放。
错误2：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -uroot -h192.168.1.121 -p123456
ERROR 1130 (HY000): Host 'xxx' is not allowed to connect to this MySQL server
出现这个错误的原因可能是：此账号不允许远程登录192.168.1.121 MySQL 数据库主机。
错误3：
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -urain -h192.168.1.121 -p123456
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'rain'@'192.168.1.121' (using password: YES)
出现这个错误的原因可能是：密码错误。
2.2 常用基本操作
查看有哪些数据库
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | discuz | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MySQL 中使用 Linux 命令
mysql> system pwd /root/linux
MySQL 查询某个库的表
Database changed mysql> use mysql; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed mysql> show tables; +---------------------------+ | Tables_in_mysql | +---------------------------+ | columns_priv | | db | | engine_cost | | event | | func | | general_log | | gtid_executed | | help_category | | help_keyword | | help_relation | | help_topic | | innodb_index_stats | | innodb_table_stats | | ndb_binlog_index | | plugin | | proc | | procs_priv | | proxies_priv | | server_cost | | servers | | slave_master_info | | slave_relay_log_info | | slave_worker_info | | slow_log | | tables_priv | | time_zone | | time_zone_leap_second | | time_zone_name | | time_zone_transition | | time_zone_transition_type | | user | +---------------------------+ 31 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查询某个表的全部字段
mysql> desc user; +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-----------------------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-----------------------+-------+ | Host | char(60) | NO | PRI | | | | User | char(32) | NO | PRI | | | | Select_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Insert_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Update_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Delete_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Drop_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Reload_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Shutdown_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Process_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | File_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Grant_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | References_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Index_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_db_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Super_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tmp_table_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Lock_tables_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Execute_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_slave_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Repl_client_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Show_view_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Alter_routine_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_user_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Event_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Trigger_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | Create_tablespace_priv | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | ssl_type | enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') | NO | | | | | ssl_cipher | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_issuer | blob | NO | | NULL | | | x509_subject | blob | NO | | NULL | | | max_questions | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_updates | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | max_user_connections | int(11) unsigned | NO | | 0 | | | plugin | char(64) | NO | | mysql_native_password | | | authentication_string | text | YES | | NULL | | | password_expired | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | | password_last_changed | timestamp | YES | | NULL | | | password_lifetime | smallint(5) unsigned | YES | | NULL | | | account_locked | enum('N','Y') | NO | | N | | +------------------------+-----------------------------------+------+-----+-----------------------+-------+ 45 rows in set (0.00 sec)
还可以显示的更加详细，而且还可以把建表语句列出来：
mysql> show create table user\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: user Create Table: CREATE TABLE `user` ( `Host` char(60) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `User` char(32) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `Select_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Insert_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Update_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Delete_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Drop_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Reload_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Shutdown_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Process_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `File_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Grant_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `References_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Index_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Alter_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Show_db_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Super_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_tmp_table_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Lock_tables_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Execute_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Repl_slave_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Repl_client_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_view_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Show_view_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_routine_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Alter_routine_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_user_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Event_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Trigger_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `Create_tablespace_priv` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `ssl_type` enum('','ANY','X509','SPECIFIED') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `ssl_cipher` blob NOT NULL, `x509_issuer` blob NOT NULL, `x509_subject` blob NOT NULL, `max_questions` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `max_updates` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `max_connections` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `max_user_connections` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `plugin` char(64) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL DEFAULT 'mysql_native_password', `authentication_string` text COLLATE utf8_bin, `password_expired` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', `password_last_changed` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL, `password_lifetime` smallint(5) unsigned DEFAULT NULL, `account_locked` enum('N','Y') CHARACTER SET utf8 NOT NULL DEFAULT 'N', PRIMARY KEY (`Host`,`User`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin COMMENT='Users and global privileges' 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到系统user表的主键为 Host 和 User 组合主键。其中 \G 表示规范化显示结果。
查看当前是哪个用户
mysql> select user(); +----------------+ | user() | +----------------+ | root@localhost | +----------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看当前所使用的数据库
mysql> select database(); +------------+ | database() | +------------+ | mysql | +------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
创建一个新数据库
mysql> create database db1; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | db1 | | discuz | | mysql | | performance_schema | | sys | +--------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
创建一个新表
mysql> use db1; Database changed mysql> create table client ('id' int(8), 'name' char(40)); ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ''id' int(8), 'name' char(40))' at line 1 mysql> create table client (`id` int(8), `name` char(40)); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.34 sec)
使用命令行模式创建表时，字段前后加反引号，而不能加单引号。
查看当前MySQL数据库版本
mysql> select version(); +-----------+ | version() | +-----------+ | 5.7.22 | +-----------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看MySQL的当前状态
mysql> show status; +-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +-----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+ | Aborted_clients | 0 | | Aborted_connects | 10 | | Binlog_cache_disk_use | 0 | | Binlog_cache_use | 0 | | Binlog_stmt_cache_disk_use | 0 | | Binlog_stmt_cache_use | 0 | | Bytes_received | 10082 |
结果太多，此处只列出一部分。
查看MySQL的参数
mysql> show variables;system head +----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+ | auto_increment_increment | 1 | | auto_increment_offset | 1 | | autocommit | ON | | automatic_sp_privileges | ON | | avoid_temporal_upgrade | OFF | | back_log | 80 | | basedir | /usr/local/mysql/
参数太多，此处只列出一部分，其中有许多参数可以在 /etc/my.cnf 中定义。
修改 MySQL 的参数
mysql> show variables like 'max_connect%'; +--------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+-------+ | max_connect_errors | 100 | | max_connections | 151 | +--------------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> set global max_connect_errors=200; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'max_connect%'; +--------------------+-------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------+-------+ | max_connect_errors | 200 | | max_connections | 151 | +--------------------+-------+ 2 rows in set (0.01 sec)
在 MySQL 命令行中，符号 "%" 类似于 shell 下的 "*"，表示万能匹配。使用命令 "set global" 可以临时修改某些参数，但是重启MySQL服务后这些修改会失效。所以，如果你想让这些修改恒久生效，就要在配置文件 /etc/my.cnf 中定义。
查看当前 MySQL 服务器的队列
查看服务器队列在日常的管理中比较频繁，可以通过它知道当前 MySQL 在干什么，也可以发现是否有锁表。
mysql> show processlist; +----+------+---------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+----------+------------------+ | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | +----+------+---------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+----------+------------------+ | 12 | root | 192.168.1.101:56915 | mysql | Sleep | 18357 | | NULL | | 26 | root | localhost | db1 | Query | 0 | starting | show processlist | | 27 | root | 192.168.1.101:64738 | NULL | Sleep | 2305 | | NULL | | 28 | root | 192.168.1.101:64742 | discuz | Sleep | 2316 | | NULL | | 29 | root | 192.168.1.101:64746 | information_schema | Sleep | 2298 | | NULL | +----+------+---------------------+--------------------+---------+-------+----------+------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.3 常用的 SQL 语句
插入一行
mysql> insert into client('id','name') values(1001,'Bob'); ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near ''id','name') values(1001,'Bob')' at line 1 mysql> insert into client(`id`,`name`) values(1001,'Bob'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
可以看到字段名称依然需要使用反引号包裹。
查询语句
mysql> select * from client; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1001 | Bob | | 1002 | Adam | | 1003 | Deft | | 1004 | eft | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select name from client; +------+ | name | +------+ | Bob | | Adam | | Deft | | eft | +------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
更新数据
mysql> update client set name='Deft' where id=1004; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
删除数据
mysql> delete from client where id=1003; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from client; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 1001 | Bob | | 1002 | Adam | | 1004 | Deft | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
清空某个表的数据
mysql> truncate table client;
删除表结构
mysql> drop table client;
删除数据库
mysql> drop database db1;
2.4 MySQL 数据库的备份和恢复
MySQL 数据库备份
[root@ryan linux]# mysqldump -uroot -p123456 db1 > /tmp/mysql_db1_20180805.sql [root@ryan linux]# ll /tmp/mysql_db1_20180805.sql -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1866 Aug 5 11:48 /tmp/mysql_db1_20180805.sql
MySQL 数据库恢复
[root@ryan linux]# mysql -uroot -p123456 db1 < /tmp/mysql_db1_20180805.sql
上面的 db1 为需要备份和恢复的数据库名称，/tmp/mysql_db1_20180805.sql备份的 sql 文件或者要恢复 sql 文件，这个文件中既包含建表语句，也包含表中数据，如果只想保存建表语句，则添加 -d 选项。也可以在备份或者恢复的时候指定字符集，使用 --default-character-set=utf8。如果只想备份单个表，可以在数据库名后面添加表名，表示只备份指定表。
三、安装 phpMyAdmin
phpMyAdmin 是以 web 页面的形式来管理 mysql 数据库，目前好多建站程序包中都带了 phpMyAdmin。下面我们看一下如何手动自行安装 phpMyAdmin。
官网地址为：https://www.phpmyadmin.net
可以直接在首页下载支持所有语言的版本：
或者进入下载页面自行选择版本：https://www.phpmyadmin.net/downloads/
下载
[root@ryan src]# wget https://files.phpmyadmin.net/phpMyAdmin/4.8.2/phpMyAdmin-4.8.2-all-languages.zip
解压到指定目录
[root@ryan src]# unzip /ucr/local/src/phpMyAdmin-4.8.2-all-languages.zip -d /data/www/DiscuzX
复制配置文件
由于目录较长，最好先重命名一下：mv /data/www/phpMyAdmin/phpMyAdmin-4.8.2-all-languages /data/www/phpMyAdmin/phpMyAdmin
[root@ryan ~]# cd /data/www/DiscuzX/phpMyAdmin [root@ryan phpMyAdmin]# cp config.sample.inc.php config.inc.php [root@ryan phpMyAdmin]# vim config.inc.php $cfg['blowfish_secret'] = 'ryan';#找到这一行，添加任意的值
保存退出。
启动 apache
[root@ryan phpMyAdmin]# apachectl -t
Syntax OK
[root@ryan phpMyAdmin]# apachectl start
访问页面
输入用户名和密码即可进入phpMyAdmin 管理后台。
附录