在实际使用VMWare workstation创建Linux操作系统时，Linux系统被总共分配了50GB磁盘容量，
后来若干个月后某一天突然发现Linux系统磁盘空间不够用啦，这时我们想到必须扩容虚拟机操作系统的磁盘容量
第一件事：修改VMWare workstation上创建的这台磁盘空间不够用的磁盘容量大小，
以下是Windows终端命令下修改磁盘容量配置，这只是改了一个磁盘总的容量大小，实际上增加这一部分容量，
还无法被系统直接识别使用，我们需要创建一个主分区给扩容的这一部分磁盘空间使用，还需要格式化操作，
扩容的这一部分容量，你希望分配给那个目录使用 ------ 也就是说这个新增加的主分区你希望挂载到那个目录上使用。
最开始Linux系统磁盘容量50GB ，现在把磁盘容量扩容到80GB，按照以下操作步骤来达到扩容磁盘容量的目的
第一部分：Windows系统上需要执行的终端命令如下：
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.16299.547]
(c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
C:\Users\ZiGoo> cd "C:\Program Files (x86)\VMware\VMware Workstation\"
C:\Program Files (x86)\VMware\VMware Workstation> vmware-vdiskmanager -x 80Gb "D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk"
Failed to open the disk 'D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk' : The specified virtual disk needs repair (0x3e86).
Failed to open disk 'D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk' : The specified virtual disk needs repair (0x3e86).
C:\Program Files (x86)\VMware\VMware Workstation> vmware-vdiskmanager -R "D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk"
The virtual disk, 'D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk', was corrupted and has been successfully repaired.
C:\Program Files (x86)\VMware\VMware Workstation> vmware-vdiskmanager -x 80Gb "D:\VMware Workstation\192.168.10.13\192.168.10.13.vmdk"
Grow: 100% done.必须以root用户的身份连接Linux操作系统终端命令接口
第二部分：Linux系统上需要执行的终端命令如下：
[root@contoso ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root 46G 31G 15G 68% /
devtmpfs 9.8G 0 9.8G 0% /dev
tmpfs 9.8G 0 9.8G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 9.8G 13M 9.8G 1% /run
tmpfs 9.8G 0 9.8G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 1014M 222M 793M 22% /boot
tmpfs 2.0G 4.0K 2.0G 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs 2.0G 28K 2.0G 1% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 4.2G 4.2G 0 100% /run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64
[root@contoso ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes, 167772160 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000abc85
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 104857599 51379200 8e Linux LVM
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4 GB, 48444211200 bytes, 94617600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes, 8126464 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@contoso ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table
q quit without saving changes
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 按回车键
First sector (104857600-167772159, default 104857600): 按回车键
Using default value 104857600
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (104857600-167772159, default 167772159): 按回车键
Using default value 167772159
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 30 GiB is set
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@contoso ~]# reboot严格按照上面命令顺序 一条一条地执行，必须重新启动Linux操作系统，
否则接下来的刚刚创建的Linux主分区没法识别也不能格式化。
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重新启动Linux系统之后再一次使用root身份进入命令行终端环境继续执行如下命令：
[root@contoso ~]# df -T #只可以查看已经挂载的分区和文件系统类型
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 47285700 31952540 15333160 68% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 10171660 0 10171660 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 0 10188804 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 12648 10176156 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 0 10188804 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda1 xfs 1038336 226312 812024 22% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 2037764 12 2037752 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 2037764 0 2037764 0% /run/user/0
[root@contoso ~]# fdisk -l #可以显示出所有挂载和未挂载的分区，但不显示文件系统类型
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes, 167772160 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000abc85
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 104857599 51379200 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda3 104857600 167772159 31457280 83 Linux
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4 GB, 48444211200 bytes, 94617600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes, 8126464 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@contoso ~]# parted -l #可以查看未挂载的文件系统类型，以及哪些分区尚未格式化
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary xfs boot
2 1075MB 53.7GB 52.6GB primary lvm
3 53.7GB 85.9GB 32.2GB primary
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4161MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 4161MB 4161MB linux-swap(v1)
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 48.4GB 48.4GB xfs
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Model: NECVMWar VMware IDE CDR10 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sr0: 4470MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 2048B/2048B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 4850kB 41.7MB 36.8MB primary
[root@contoso ~]# lsblk -f #也可以查看未挂载的文件系统类型
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 23856307-3639-4701-8455-6ea76b82451e /boot
├─sda2 LVM2_member X9ClfX-o9J1-UHzo-YKwc-8L5j-imUQ-K69lRv
│ ├─centos-root xfs f8d8385c-1ab5-45fe-9366-adaf5344a5fe /
│ └─centos-swap swap 35b51023-1bb9-4484-9e4d-a575f3dae760 [SWAP]
└─sda3
sr0 iso9660 CentOS 7 x86_64 2018-05-03-20-55-23-00
[root@contoso ~]# 从以上命令输出的结果我们可以发现 sda3是刚刚创建的Linux主分区还尚未格式化，
我们还发现Linux系统使用的系统文件类型为 xfs ，不是ext3也不是ext4格式，为了保持文件系统类型一致，
sda3这个主分区必须格式为xfs这样的系统文件类型
[root@contoso ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3 #格式化主分区sda3
meta-data=/dev/sda3 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=1966080 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=7864320, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=3840, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[root@contoso ~]# cd / && du -ah --max-depth=1 #查看系统文件根目录的下文件（夹）大小
189M ./boot
0 ./dev
du: cannot access ‘./proc/6435/task/6435/fd/3’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘./proc/6435/task/6435/fdinfo/3’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘./proc/6435/fd/4’: No such file or directory
du: cannot access ‘./proc/6435/fdinfo/4’: No such file or directory
0 ./proc
4.2G ./run
0 ./sys
41M ./etc
20G ./root
1.9G ./var
28M ./tmp
6.3G ./usr
0 ./bin
0 ./sbin
0 ./lib
0 ./lib64
427M ./home
0 ./media
0 ./mnt
2.0G ./opt
0 ./srv
35G .
[root@contoso ~]# cd /root && du -ah --max-depth=1 #查看最大文件夹/root下的所有文件大小
4.0K ./.bash_logout
4.0K ./.bash_profile
4.0K ./.bashrc
4.0K ./.cshrc
4.0K ./.tcshrc
4.0K ./anaconda-ks.cfg
114M ./.cache
8.0K ./.dbus
117M ./.config
4.0K ./initial-setup-ks.cfg
32K ./.bash_history
8.0K ./.ICEauthority
2.7M ./.local
4.0K ./.esd_auth
20K ./Desktop
90M ./Downloads
0 ./Templates
0 ./Public
0 ./Documents
0 ./Music
0 ./Pictures
0 ./Videos
47M ./.eclipse
4.0K ./.p2
76K ./.tooling
76M ./.mozilla
4.0K ./.swt
4.0K ./.codemix.properties
218M ./.codemix
196K ./.java
28K ./.pki
76M ./.vscode
4.0K ./.rediscli_history
4.0K ./.mysql_history
12K ./.gnupg
20K ./.gnome
0 ./.android
180M ./.IdeaIC2018.1
200M ./.IntelliJIdea2018.1
4.0K ./README.md
4.0K ./.gitconfig
4.0K ./hello.erl
4.0K ./hello.beam
35M ./zipkin-server-2.10.2-exec.jar
118M ./.IdeaIC2018.2
19G ./.docker
367M ./.m3
4.0K ./.oracle_jre_usage
4.0K ./.rs
48K ./.razorsql
20G .
[root@contoso ~]#
# 把主分区sda3挂载到系统根目录下
[root@contoso ~]# cat >> /etc/fstab
/dev/sda3 /data xfs defaults 0 0
[root@contoso ~]# reboot #重新启动Linux系统主分区sda3自动挂载到系统根目录下[root@contoso ~]# cat /etc/fstab
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Tue Jun 19 23:14:45 2018
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=23856307-3639-4701-8455-6ea76b82451e /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/sda3 /data xfs defaults 0 0
#实际上是挂载到根目录下data文件夹下重新启动Linux系统后，再一次使用多种方式查看一下已经挂载成功主分区和其它分区信息
[root@contoso ~]# df -T
Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/centos-root xfs 47285700 31954412 15331288 68% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 10171660 0 10171660 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 0 10188804 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 12948 10175856 1% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 10188804 0 10188804 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/sda3 xfs 31441920 38896 31403024 1% /data
/dev/sda1 xfs 1038336 226312 812024 22% /boot
tmpfs tmpfs 2037764 4 2037760 1% /run/user/42
tmpfs tmpfs 2037764 40 2037724 1% /run/user/0
/dev/sr0 iso9660 4364408 4364408 0 100% /run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64
[root@contoso ~]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes, 167772160 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000abc85
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 1048576 83 Linux
/dev/sda2 2099200 104857599 51379200 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda3 104857600 167772159 31457280 83 Linux
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4 GB, 48444211200 bytes, 94617600 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4160 MB, 4160749568 bytes, 8126464 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
[root@contoso ~]# parted -l
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 85.9GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 1075MB 1074MB primary xfs boot
2 1075MB 53.7GB 52.6GB primary lvm
3 53.7GB 85.9GB 32.2GB primary xfs
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-swap: 4161MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 4161MB 4161MB linux-swap(v1)
Model: Linux device-mapper (linear) (dm)
Disk /dev/mapper/centos-root: 48.4GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: loop
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Flags
1 0.00B 48.4GB 48.4GB xfs
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0
has been opened read-only.
Model: NECVMWar VMware IDE CDR10 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sr0: 4470MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 2048B/2048B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
2 4850kB 41.7MB 36.8MB primary
[root@contoso ~]# lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE LABEL UUID MOUNTPOINT
sda
├─sda1 xfs 23856307-3639-4701-8455-6ea76b82451e /boot
├─sda2 LVM2_member X9ClfX-o9J1-UHzo-YKwc-8L5j-imUQ-K69lRv
│ ├─centos-root xfs f8d8385c-1ab5-45fe-9366-adaf5344a5fe /
│ └─centos-swap swap 35b51023-1bb9-4484-9e4d-a575f3dae760 [SWAP]
└─sda3 xfs b5ca5156-7fdf-4831-bac3-b72be4c282ae /data
sr0 iso9660 CentOS 7 x86_64 2018-05-03-20-55-23-00 /run/media/root/CentOS 7 x86_64
[root@contoso ~]# 虚拟机操作系统扩容还有另外一种实现方式，直接添加一块虚拟磁盘，扩容到Linux系统，请看详细步骤教程