Mysql+Keepalived(vrrp_script)双主热备高可用

我们通常说的双机热备是指两台机器都在运行，但并不是两台机器都同时在提供服务。当提供服务的一台出现故障的时候，另外一台会马上自动接管并且提供服务，而且切换的时间非常短。MySQL双主复制，即互为Master-Slave(只有一个Master提供写操作)，可以实现数据库服务器的热备，但是一个Master宕机后不能实现动态切换。使用Keepalived，可以通过虚拟IP，实现双主对外的统一接口以及自动检查、失败切换机制，从而实现MySQL数据库的高可用方案。之前梳理了Mysql主从/主主同步，下面说下Mysql+keeoalived双主热备高可用方案的实施。

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Keepalived看名字就知道，保持存活，在网络里面就是保持在线了，也就是所谓的高可用或热备，用来防止单点故障（单点故障是指一旦某一点出现故障就会导 整个系统架构的不可用）的发生，那说到keepalived不得不说的一个协议不是VRRP协议，可以说这个协议就是keepalived实现的基础。 1）Keepalived的工作原理是VRRP（Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol）虚拟路由冗余协议。在VRRP中有两组重要的概念：VRRP路由器和虚拟路由器，主控路由器和备份路由器。 2）VRRP路由器是指运行VRRP的路由器，是物理实体，虚拟路由器是指VRRP协议创建的，是逻辑概念。一组VRRP路由器协同工作，共同构成一台虚拟路由器。 Vrrp中存在着一种选举机制，用以选出提供服务的路由即主控路由，其他的则成了备份路由。当主控路由失效后，备份路由中会重新选举出一个主控路由，来继 续工作，来保障不间断服务。

过多内容在这里就不做详细介绍了，下面详细记录下Mysql+Keepalived双主热备的高可用方案的操作记录

1）先实施Master->Slave的主主同步。主主是数据双向同步，主从是数据单向同步。一般情况下，主库宕机后，需要手动将连接切换到从库上。（但是用keepalived就可以自动切换）
2）再结合Keepalived的使用，通过VIP实现Mysql双主对外连接的统一接口。即客户端通过Vip连接数据库；当其中一台宕机后，VIP会漂移到另一台上，这个过程对于客户端的数据连接来说几乎无感觉，从而实现高可用。

环境描述：
mysql的安装可以参考：http://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/6109679.html
Centos6.8版本
Master1：182.148.15.238        安装mysql和keepalived
Master2: 182.148.15.237        安装mysql和keepalived
VIP：182.148.15.236

要实现主主同步，可以先实现主从同步，即master1->master2的主从同步，然后master2->master1的主从同步.
这样，双方就完成了主主同步。
注意下面几点：
1）要保证同步服务期间之间的网络联通。即能相互ping通，能使用对方授权信息连接到对方数据库（防火墙开放3306端口）。
2）关闭selinux。
3）同步前，双方数据库中需要同步的数据要保持一致。这样，同步环境实现后，再次更新的数据就会如期同步了。

可能出现的问题

报错：
Last_IO_Error: Fatal error: The slave I/O thread stops because master and slave have equal MySQL server ids; these ids must be different for replication to work (or the --replicate-same-server-id option must be used on slave but this does not always make sense; please check the manual before using it).

解决办法：
删除mysql数据目录下的auto.cnf文件，重启mysql服务即可！
另：Keepalived必须使用root账号启动！！

一、Mysql主主同步环境部署

---------------master1服务器操作记录---------------
在my.cnf文件的[mysqld]配置区域添加下面内容：
[root@master1 ~]# vim /usr/local/mysql/my.cnf
server-id = 1
log-bin = mysql-bin
sync_binlog = 1
binlog_checksum = none
binlog_format = mixed
auto-increment-increment = 2
auto-increment-offset = 1
slave-skip-errors = all

[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysql restart
Shutting down MySQL. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!

数据同步授权（iptables防火墙开启3306端口）这样I/O线程就可以以这个用户的身份连接到主服务器，并且读取它的二进制日志。
mysql> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to wang@'182.148.15.%' identified by "wang@123";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

最好将库锁住，仅仅允许读，以保证数据一致性；待主主同步环境部署后再解锁；
锁住后，就不能往表里写数据，但是重启mysql服务后就会自动解锁！
mysql> flush tables with read lock;  //注意该参数设置后，如果自己同步对方数据，同步前一定要记得先解锁！
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看下log bin日志和pos值位置
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB         | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000004 |      430 |              | mysql,information_schema |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

---------------master2服务器操作记录---------------
在my.cnf文件的[mysqld]配置区域添加下面内容：
[root@master2 ~]# vim /usr/local/mysql/my.cnf
server-id = 2
log-bin = mysql-bin
sync_binlog = 1
binlog_checksum = none
binlog_format = mixed
auto-increment-increment = 2
auto-increment-offset = 2
slave-skip-errors = all

[root@master2 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysql restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!

mysql> grant replication slave,replication client on *.* to wang@'182.148.15.%' identified by "wang@123";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB         | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000003 |      430 |              | mysql,information_schema |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+--------------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

---------------master1服务器做同步操作---------------
mysql> unlock tables;     //先解锁，将对方数据同步到自己的数据库中
mysql> slave stop；
mysql> change  master to master_host='182.148.15.237',master_user='wang',master_password='wang@123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=430;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

查看同步状态，如下出现两个“Yes”，表明同步成功！
mysql> show slave status \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 182.148.15.237
                  Master_User: wang
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 430
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 279
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
        .........................
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
        .........................
这样，master1就和master2实现了主从同步，即master1同步master2的数据。

---------------master2服务器做同步操作---------------
mysql> unlock tables;     //先解锁，将对方数据同步到自己的数据库中
mysql> slave stop；
mysql> change  master to master_host='182.148.15.238',master_user='wang',master_password='wang@123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000004',master_log_pos=430;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.06 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show slave status \G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 182.148.15.238
                  Master_User: wang
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 430
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 279
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000004
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
        ........................
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
        ........................

这样，master2就和master1实现了主从同步，即master2也同步master1的数据。

以上表明双方已经实现了mysql主主同步。
当运行一段时间后，要是发现同步有问题，比如只能单向同步，双向同步失效。可以重新执行下上面的change master同步操作，只不过这样同步后，只能同步在此之后的更新数据。下面开始进行数据验证：

-----------------主主同步效果验证---------------------
1）在master1数据库上写入新数据
mysql> unlock tables;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database huanqiu;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> use huanqiu;
Database changed

mysql> create table if not exists haha (
    -> id int(10) PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    -> name varchar(50) NOT NULL);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)

mysql> insert into haha values(1,"王士博");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into haha values(2,"郭慧慧");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from haha;
+----+-----------+
| id | name      |
+----+-----------+
|  1 | 王士博    |
|  2 | 郭慧慧    |
+----+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

然后在master2数据库上查看，发现数据已经同步过来了!
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| huanqiu            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use huanqiu;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-------------------+
| Tables_in_huanqiu |
+-------------------+
| haha              |
+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from haha;
+----+-----------+
| id | name      |
+----+-----------+
|  1 | 王士博    |
|  2 | 郭慧慧    |
+----+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2）在master2数据库上写入新数据
mysql> create database hehe;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into huanqiu.haha values(3,"周正"),(4,"李敏");
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

然后在master1数据库上查看，发现数据也已经同步过来了!
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hehe               |
| huanqiu            |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from huanqiu.haha;
+----+-----------+
| id | name      |
+----+-----------+
|  1 | 王士博    |
|  2 | 郭慧慧    |
|  3 | 周正      |
|  4 | 李敏      |
+----+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

至此，Mysql主主同步环境已经实现。

二、配置Mysql+Keepalived故障转移的高可用环境

1）安装keepalived并将其配置成系统服务。master1和master2两台机器上同样进行如下操作：
[root@master1 ~]# yum install -y openssl-devel
[root@master1 ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@master1 src]# wget http://www.keepalived.org/software/keepalived-1.3.5.tar.gz
[root@master1 src]# tar -zvxf keepalived-1.3.5.tar.gz
[root@master1 src]# cd keepalived-1.3.5
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/keepalived
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# make && make install

[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# cp /usr/local/src/keepalived-1.3.5/keepalived/etc/init.d/keepalived /etc/rc.d/init.d/
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/sysconfig/keepalived /etc/sysconfig/
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# mkdir /etc/keepalived/
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# cp /usr/local/keepalived/sbin/keepalived /usr/sbin/
[root@master1 keepalived-1.3.5]# echo "/etc/init.d/keepalived start" >> /etc/rc.local

2）master1机器上的keepalived.conf配置。（下面配置中没有使用lvs的负载均衡功能，所以不需要配置虚拟服务器virtual server）
[root@master1 ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak
[root@master1 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf       ＃清空默认内容，直接采用下面配置：
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
notification_email {
[email protected]
[email protected]
}

notification_email_from [email protected]
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MASTER-HA
}

vrrp_script chk_mysql_port {     #检测mysql服务是否在运行。有很多方式，比如进程，用脚本检测等等
    script "/opt/chk_mysql.sh"   #这里通过脚本监测
    interval 2                   #脚本执行间隔，每2s检测一次
    weight -5                    #脚本结果导致的优先级变更，检测失败（脚本返回非0）则优先级 -5
    fall 2                    #检测连续2次失败才算确定是真失败。会用weight减少优先级（1-255之间）
    rise 1                    #检测1次成功就算成功。但不修改优先级
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface eth0      #指定虚拟ip的网卡接口
    mcast_src_ip 182.148.15.238
    virtual_router_id 51    #路由器标识，MASTER和BACKUP必须是一致的
    priority 101            #定义优先级，数字越大，优先级越高，在同一个vrrp_instance下，MASTER的优先级必须大于BACKUP的优先级。这样MASTER故障恢复后，就可以将VIP资源再次抢回来
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        182.148.15.236
    }

track_script {
   chk_mysql_port
}
}

编写切换脚本。KeepAlived做心跳检测，如果Master的MySQL服务挂了(3306端口挂了),那么它就会选择自杀。Slave的KeepAlived通过心跳检测发现这个情况，就会将VIP的请求接管
[root@master1 ~]# vim /opt/chk_mysql.sh
#!/bin/bash
counter=$(netstat -na|grep "LISTEN"|grep "3306"|wc -l)
if [ "${counter}" -eq 0 ]; then
    /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
fi
[root@master1 ~]# chmod 755 /opt/chk_mysql.sh

启动keepalived服务
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
正在启动 keepalived：                                      [确定]


4）master2机器上的keepalived配置。master2机器上的keepalived.conf文件只修改priority为90、nopreempt不设置、real_server设置本地IP。
[root@master2 ~]# cp /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf.bak
[root@master2 ~]# >/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
[root@master2 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
notification_email {
[email protected]
[email protected]
}

notification_email_from [email protected]
smtp_server 127.0.0.1
smtp_connect_timeout 30
router_id MASTER-HA
}

vrrp_script chk_mysql_port {
    script "/opt/chk_mysql.sh"
    interval 2
    weight -5
    fall 2
    rise 1
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface eth0
    mcast_src_ip 182.148.15.237
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 99
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        182.148.15.236
    }

track_script {
   chk_mysql_port
}
}


[root@master2 ~]# cat /opt/chk_mysql.sh
#!/bin/bash
counter=$(netstat -na|grep "LISTEN"|grep "3306"|wc -l)
if [ "${counter}" -eq 0 ]; then
    /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
fi
[root@master2 ~]# chmod 755 /opt/chk_mysql.sh

[root@master2 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
正在启动 keepalived：                                      [确定]


5）master1和master2两台服务器都要授权允许root用户远程登录，用于在客户端登陆测试！
mysql> grant all on *.* to root@'%' identified by "1234567";
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

6）在master1和master2两台机器上设置iptables防火墙规则，如下：
[root@master1 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables
........
-A INPUT -s 182.148.15.0/24 -d 224.0.0.18 -j ACCEPT       #允许组播地址通信
-A INPUT -s 182.148.15.0/24 -p vrrp -j ACCEPT             #允许VRRP（虚拟路由器冗余协）通信
-A INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 3306 -j ACCEPT    #开放mysql的3306端口

[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/iptables restart

三、Mysql＋keepalived故障转移的高可用测试

1）通过Mysql客户端通过VIP连接，看是否连接成功。
比如，在远程一台测试机上连接，通过vip地址可以正常连接（下面的连接权限要是在服务端提前授权的）
[root@dev-new-test ~]# mysql -h182.148.15.236 -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 60
Server version: 5.6.35-log Source distribution
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> select * from huanqiu.haha;
+----+-----------+
| id | name      |
+----+-----------+
|  1 | 王士博    |
|  2 | 郭慧慧    |
|  3 | 周正      |
|  4 | 李敏      |
+----+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2）默认情况下，vip是在master1上的。使用"ip addr"命令查看vip切换情况
[root@master1 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3c:25:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.238/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/32 scope global eth0                              //这个32位子网掩码的vip地址表示该资源目前还在master1机器上
    inet 182.148.15.236/27 brd 82.48.115.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:2542/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
停止master1机器上的mysql服务，根据配置中的脚本，mysql服务停了，keepalived也会停，从而vip资源将会切换到master2机器上。（mysql服务没有起来的时候，keepalived服务也无法顺利启动！）
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysql stop
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS!
[root@master1 ~]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root     25812 21588  0 17:30 pts/0    00:00:00 grep mysql
[root@master1 ~]# ps -ef|grep keepalived
root     25814 21588  0 17:30 pts/0    00:00:00 grep keepalived
[root@master1 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3c:25:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.238/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/27 brd 82.48.115.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:2542/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
如上结果，发现32位子网掩码的vip没有了，说明此时vip资源已不在master1机器上了
查看下master1的系统日志，如下，会发现vip资源已经切换走了
[root@master1 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr 15 17:17:43 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:17:48 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:39 localhost Keepalived_healthcheckers[23036]: Stopped
Apr 15 17:30:39 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) sent 0 priority
Apr 15 17:30:39 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[23037]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs.
再到master2机器上，发现vip资源的确切换过来了
[root@master2 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:95:1f:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.237/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/32 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe95:1f6d/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
查看master2的系统日志
[root@master2 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr 15 17:30:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
3）再次启动master1的mysql和keepalived服务。（注意：如果restart重启mysql，那么还要启动下keepalived，因为mysql重启，根据脚本会造成keepalived关闭）
注意：一定要先启动mysql服务，然后再启动keepalived服务。如果先启动keepalived服务，按照上面的配置，mysql没有起来，就会自动关闭keepalived。
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysql start
Starting MySQL.. SUCCESS!
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
正在启动 keepalived：                                      [确定]
启动这两个服务器后，稍微等过一会儿，注意观察会发现vip资源再次从master2机器上切换回来了。
[root@master1 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3c:25:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.238/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/32 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/27 brd 82.48.115.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:2542/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@master1 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[27002]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
再看看master2机器，发现vip资源又被恢复后的master1抢过去了
[root@master2 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:95:1f:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.237/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe95:1f6d/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
[root@master2 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
Apr 15 17:30:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Sending/queueing gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:30:46 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: Sending gratuitous ARP on eth0 for 182.148.15.236
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Received advert with higher priority 101, ours 99
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) Entering BACKUP STATE
Apr 15 17:40:41 localhost Keepalived_vrrp[8731]: VRRP_Instance(VI_1) removing protocol VIPs.
4）同样，关闭master1机器的keepalived服务，vip资源会自动切换到master2机器上。当master1的keepalived服务恢复后，会将vip资源再次切回来。
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived stop
停止 keepalived：                                          [确定]
[root@master1 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3c:25:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.238/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/27 brd 82.48.115.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:2542/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
查看master2，发现vip切过来了
[root@master2 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:95:1f:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.237/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/32 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe95:1f6d/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
再次恢复master1的keepalived服务，发现vip资源很快油切回来了。
[root@master1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
正在启动 keepalived：                                      [确定]
[root@master1 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:3c:25:42 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.238/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/32 scope global eth0
    inet 182.148.15.236/27 brd 82.48.115.255 scope global secondary eth0:0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe3c:2542/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
在此查看master2，发现vip资源被切走了
[root@master2 ~]# ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 52:54:00:95:1f:6d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 182.148.15.237/27 brd 182.148.15.255 scope global eth0
    inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe95:1f6d/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
以上在vip资源切换过程中，对于客户端连接mysql（使用vip连接）来说几乎是没有任何影响的。

------------------------------------温馨提示（Keepalived的抢占和非抢占模式）---------------------------------------

keepalive是基于vrrp协议在linux主机上以守护进程方式，根据配置文件实现健康检查。
VRRP是一种选择协议，它可以把一个虚拟路由器的责任动态分配到局域网上的VRRP路由器中的一台。
控制虚拟路由器IP地址的VRRP路由器称为主路由器，它负责转发数据包到这些虚拟IP地址。
一旦主路由器不可用，这种选择过程就提供了动态的故障转移机制，这就允许虚拟路由器的IP地址可以作为终端主机的默认第一跳路由器。
keepalive通过组播，单播等方式（自定义），实现keepalive主备推选。工作模式分为抢占和非抢占（通过参数nopreempt来控制）。
1）抢占模式：
主服务正常工作时，虚拟IP会在主上，备不提供服务，当主服务优先级低于备的时候，备会自动抢占虚拟IP，这时，主不提供服务，备提供服务。
也就是说，工作在抢占模式下，不分主备，只管优先级。
如上配置，不管keepalived.conf里的state配置成master还是backup，只看谁的priority优先级高（一般而言，state为MASTER的优先级要高于BACKUP）。
priority优先级高的那一个在故障恢复后，会自动将VIP资源再次抢占回来！！
2）非抢占模式：
这种方式通过参数nopreempt（一般设置在advert_int的那一行下面）来控制。不管priority优先级，只要MASTER机器发生故障，VIP资源就会被切换到BACKUP上。
并且当MASTER机器恢复后，也不会去将VIP资源抢占回来，直至BACKUP机器发生故障时，才能自动切换回来。
千万注意：
nopreempt这个参数只能用于state为backup的情况，所以在配置的时候要把master和backup的state都设置成backup，这样才会实现keepalived的非抢占模式！
也就是说：
a）当state状态一个为master，一个为backup的时候，加不加nopreempt这个参数都是一样的效果。即都是根据priority优先级来决定谁抢占vip资源的，是抢占模式！
b）当state状态都设置成backup，如果不配置nopreempt参数，那么也是看priority优先级决定谁抢占vip资源，即也是抢占模式。
c）当state状态都设置成backup，如果配置nopreempt参数，那么就不会去考虑priority优先级了，是非抢占模式！即只有vip当前所在机器发生故障，另一台机器才能接管vip。即使优先级高的那一台机器恢复  后也不会主动抢回vip，只能等到对方发生故障，才会将vip切回来。

---------------------------------mysql状态检测脚本优化---------------------------------

上面的mysql监测脚本有点过于简单且粗暴，即脚本一旦监测到Master的mysql服务关闭，就立刻把keepalived服务关闭，从而实现vip转移！
下面对该脚本进行优化，优化后，当监测到Master的mysql服务关闭后，就会将vip切换到Backup上（但此时Master的keepalived服务不会被暴力kill）
当Master的mysql服务恢复后，就会再次将VIP资源切回来！
[root@master ~]# cat /opt/chk_mysql.sh
#!/bin/bash
MYSQL=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql
MYSQL_HOST=localhost
MYSQL_USER=root
MYSQL_PASSWORD=123456
CHECK_TIME=3

#mysql  is working MYSQL_OK is 1 , mysql down MYSQL_OK is 0

MYSQL_OK=1

function check_mysql_helth (){
    $MYSQL -h $MYSQL_HOST -u $MYSQL_USER -p${MYSQL_PASSWORD} -e "show status;" >/dev/null 2>&1
    if [ $? = 0 ] ;then
    MYSQL_OK=1
    else
    MYSQL_OK=0
    fi
    return $MYSQL_OK
}
while [ $CHECK_TIME -ne 0 ]
do
    let "CHECK_TIME -= 1"
    check_mysql_helth
if [ $MYSQL_OK = 1 ] ; then
    CHECK_TIME=0
    exit 0
fi
if [ $MYSQL_OK -eq 0 ] &&  [ $CHECK_TIME -eq 0 ]
then
    pkill keepalived
    exit 1
fi
sleep 1
done

转自：https://www.cnblogs.com/kevingrace/p/6710136.html