深入理解Solidity——函数可见性定义符、修饰符、保留字和语法

函数可见性定义符(Function Visibility Specifiers)

function myFunction() <visibility specifier> returns (bool) {
    return true;
}

• public:在外部和内部均可见（创建存储/状态变量的访问者函数）
• private:仅在当前合约中可见
• external: 只有外部可见（仅对函数）- 仅仅在消息调用中（通过this.fun）
• internal: 只有内部可见

修饰符

• pure for functions: 不允许修改或访问状态变量-这还没有强制执行。
• view for functions: 不允许修改状态变量-这还没有强制执行。
• payable for functions: 允许函数在调用同时接收Ether。
• constant for state variables: 不允许赋值（除了初始化），不占用存储槽。
• constant for functions:等同于view.
• anonymous for events: 不将events存储为topic。
• indexed for event parameters: 将参数存储为topic

保留字(Reserved Keywords)

These keywords are reserved in Solidity. They might become part of the syntax in the future:

abstract, after, case, catch, default, final, in, inline, let, match, null, of, relocatable, static, switch, try, type, typeof.

语法(Language Grammar)

SourceUnit = (PragmaDirective | ImportDirective | ContractDefinition)*

// Pragma actually parses anything up to the trailing ';' to be fully forward-compatible.
PragmaDirective = 'pragma' Identifier ([^;]+) ';'

ImportDirective = 'import' StringLiteral ('as' Identifier)? ';'
        | 'import' ('*' | Identifier) ('as' Identifier)? 'from' StringLiteral ';'
        | 'import' '{' Identifier ('as' Identifier)? ( ',' Identifier ('as' Identifier)? )* '}' 'from' StringLiteral ';'

ContractDefinition = ( 'contract' | 'library' | 'interface' ) Identifier
                     ( 'is' InheritanceSpecifier (',' InheritanceSpecifier )* )?
                     '{' ContractPart* '}'

ContractPart = StateVariableDeclaration | UsingForDeclaration
             | StructDefinition | ModifierDefinition | FunctionDefinition | EventDefinition | EnumDefinition

InheritanceSpecifier = UserDefinedTypeName ( '(' Expression ( ',' Expression )* ')' )?

StateVariableDeclaration = TypeName ( 'public' | 'internal' | 'private' | 'constant' )* Identifier ('=' Expression)? ';'
UsingForDeclaration = 'using' Identifier 'for' ('*' | TypeName) ';'
StructDefinition = 'struct' Identifier '{'
                     ( VariableDeclaration ';' (VariableDeclaration ';')* ) '}'

ModifierDefinition = 'modifier' Identifier ParameterList? Block
ModifierInvocation = Identifier ( '(' ExpressionList? ')' )?

FunctionDefinition = 'function' Identifier? ParameterList
                     ( ModifierInvocation | StateMutability | 'external' | 'public' | 'internal' | 'private' )*
                     ( 'returns' ParameterList )? ( ';' | Block )
EventDefinition = 'event' Identifier EventParameterList 'anonymous'? ';'

EnumValue = Identifier
EnumDefinition = 'enum' Identifier '{' EnumValue? (',' EnumValue)* '}'

ParameterList = '(' ( Parameter (',' Parameter)* )? ')'
Parameter = TypeName StorageLocation? Identifier?

EventParameterList = '(' ( EventParameter (',' EventParameter )* )? ')'
EventParameter = TypeName 'indexed'? Identifier?

FunctionTypeParameterList = '(' ( FunctionTypeParameter (',' FunctionTypeParameter )* )? ')'
FunctionTypeParameter = TypeName StorageLocation?

// semantic restriction: mappings and structs (recursively) containing mappings
// are not allowed in argument lists
VariableDeclaration = TypeName StorageLocation? Identifier

TypeName = ElementaryTypeName
         | UserDefinedTypeName
         | Mapping
         | ArrayTypeName
         | FunctionTypeName

UserDefinedTypeName = Identifier ( '.' Identifier )*

Mapping = 'mapping' '(' ElementaryTypeName '=>' TypeName ')'
ArrayTypeName = TypeName '[' Expression? ']'
FunctionTypeName = 'function' FunctionTypeParameterList ( 'internal' | 'external' | StateMutability )*
                   ( 'returns' FunctionTypeParameterList )?
StorageLocation = 'memory' | 'storage'
StateMutability = 'pure' | 'constant' | 'view' | 'payable'

Block = '{' Statement* '}'
Statement = IfStatement | WhileStatement | ForStatement | Block | InlineAssemblyStatement |
            ( DoWhileStatement | PlaceholderStatement | Continue | Break | Return |
              Throw | EmitStatement | SimpleStatement ) ';'

ExpressionStatement = Expression
IfStatement = 'if' '(' Expression ')' Statement ( 'else' Statement )?
WhileStatement = 'while' '(' Expression ')' Statement
PlaceholderStatement = '_'
SimpleStatement = VariableDefinition | ExpressionStatement
ForStatement = 'for' '(' (SimpleStatement)? ';' (Expression)? ';' (ExpressionStatement)? ')' Statement
InlineAssemblyStatement = 'assembly' StringLiteral? InlineAssemblyBlock
DoWhileStatement = 'do' Statement 'while' '(' Expression ')'
Continue = 'continue'
Break = 'break'
Return = 'return' Expression?
Throw = 'throw'
EmitStatement = 'emit' FunctionCall
VariableDefinition = ('var' IdentifierList | VariableDeclaration | '(' VariableDeclaration? (',' VariableDeclaration? )* ')' ) ( '=' Expression )?
IdentifierList = '(' ( Identifier? ',' )* Identifier? ')'

// Precedence by order (see github.com/ethereum/solidity/pull/732)
Expression
  = Expression ('++' | '--')
  | NewExpression
  | IndexAccess
  | MemberAccess
  | FunctionCall
  | '(' Expression ')'
  | ('!' | '~' | 'delete' | '++' | '--' | '+' | '-') Expression
  | Expression '**' Expression
  | Expression ('*' | '/' | '%') Expression
  | Expression ('+' | '-') Expression
  | Expression ('<<' | '>>') Expression
  | Expression '&' Expression
  | Expression '^' Expression
  | Expression '|' Expression
  | Expression ('<' | '>' | '<=' | '>=') Expression
  | Expression ('==' | '!=') Expression
  | Expression '&&' Expression
  | Expression '||' Expression
  | Expression '?' Expression ':' Expression
  | Expression ('=' | '|=' | '^=' | '&=' | '<<=' | '>>=' | '+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=') Expression
  | PrimaryExpression

PrimaryExpression = BooleanLiteral
                  | NumberLiteral
                  | HexLiteral
                  | StringLiteral
                  | TupleExpression
                  | Identifier
                  | ElementaryTypeNameExpression

ExpressionList = Expression ( ',' Expression )*
NameValueList = Identifier ':' Expression ( ',' Identifier ':' Expression )*

FunctionCall = Expression '(' FunctionCallArguments ')'
FunctionCallArguments = '{' NameValueList? '}'
                      | ExpressionList?

NewExpression = 'new' TypeName
MemberAccess = Expression '.' Identifier
IndexAccess = Expression '[' Expression? ']'

BooleanLiteral = 'true' | 'false'
NumberLiteral = ( HexNumber | DecimalNumber ) (' ' NumberUnit)?
NumberUnit = 'wei' | 'szabo' | 'finney' | 'ether'
           | 'seconds' | 'minutes' | 'hours' | 'days' | 'weeks' | 'years'
HexLiteral = 'hex' ('"' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '"' | '\'' ([0-9a-fA-F]{2})* '\'')
StringLiteral = '"' ([^"\r\n\\] | '\\' .)* '"'
Identifier = [a-zA-Z_$] [a-zA-Z_$0-9]*

HexNumber = '0x' [0-9a-fA-F]+
DecimalNumber = [0-9]+ ( '.' [0-9]* )? ( [eE] [0-9]+ )?

TupleExpression = '(' ( Expression? ( ',' Expression? )*  )? ')'
                | '[' ( Expression  ( ',' Expression  )*  )? ']'

ElementaryTypeNameExpression = ElementaryTypeName

ElementaryTypeName = 'address' | 'bool' | 'string' | 'var'
                   | Int | Uint | Byte | Fixed | Ufixed

Int = 'int' | 'int8' | 'int16' | 'int24' | 'int32' | 'int40' | 'int48' | 'int56' | 'int64' | 'int72' | 'int80' | 'int88' | 'int96' | 'int104' | 'int112' | 'int120' | 'int128' | 'int136' | 'int144' | 'int152' | 'int160' | 'int168' | 'int176' | 'int184' | 'int192' | 'int200' | 'int208' | 'int216' | 'int224' | 'int232' | 'int240' | 'int248' | 'int256'

Uint = 'uint' | 'uint8' | 'uint16' | 'uint24' | 'uint32' | 'uint40' | 'uint48' | 'uint56' | 'uint64' | 'uint72' | 'uint80' | 'uint88' | 'uint96' | 'uint104' | 'uint112' | 'uint120' | 'uint128' | 'uint136' | 'uint144' | 'uint152' | 'uint160' | 'uint168' | 'uint176' | 'uint184' | 'uint192' | 'uint200' | 'uint208' | 'uint216' | 'uint224' | 'uint232' | 'uint240' | 'uint248' | 'uint256'

Byte = 'byte' | 'bytes' | 'bytes1' | 'bytes2' | 'bytes3' | 'bytes4' | 'bytes5' | 'bytes6' | 'bytes7' | 'bytes8' | 'bytes9' | 'bytes10' | 'bytes11' | 'bytes12' | 'bytes13' | 'bytes14' | 'bytes15' | 'bytes16' | 'bytes17' | 'bytes18' | 'bytes19' | 'bytes20' | 'bytes21' | 'bytes22' | 'bytes23' | 'bytes24' | 'bytes25' | 'bytes26' | 'bytes27' | 'bytes28' | 'bytes29' | 'bytes30' | 'bytes31' | 'bytes32'

Fixed = 'fixed' | ( 'fixed' [0-9]+ 'x' [0-9]+ )

Ufixed = 'ufixed' | ( 'ufixed' [0-9]+ 'x' [0-9]+ )

InlineAssemblyBlock = '{' AssemblyItem* '}'

AssemblyItem = Identifier | FunctionalAssemblyExpression | InlineAssemblyBlock | AssemblyLocalBinding | AssemblyAssignment | AssemblyLabel | NumberLiteral | StringLiteral | HexLiteral
AssemblyLocalBinding = 'let' Identifier ':=' FunctionalAssemblyExpression
AssemblyAssignment = ( Identifier ':=' FunctionalAssemblyExpression ) | ( '=:' Identifier )
AssemblyLabel = Identifier ':'
FunctionalAssemblyExpression = Identifier '(' AssemblyItem? ( ',' AssemblyItem )* ')'

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