This article is shared from the Huawei Cloud Community " GaussDB SQL Basic Syntax Example-CASE Expression " by Gauss Squirrel Club Assistant 2.
I. Introduction
SQL is a standard computer language used to access and manipulate databases. GaussDB supports the SQL standard (main features of SQL2, SQL3 and SQL4 are supported by default).
This series will be introduced based on the online document "Cloud Database GaussDB—SQL Reference".
2. Introduction to CASE Expression
In GaussDB SQL, CASE expression (CASE Expression) is a very powerful and commonly used tool that can be used to perform condition-based operations in SQL. CASE expressions are similar to IF-THEN-ELSE statements, but are more flexible to use and easier to read and write.
The CASE expression contains two forms, one is the simple form and the other is the search form. The writing, grammar and usage of these two forms will be introduced below.
3. Simple CASE expression in GaussDB database
1. Basic concepts
A simple CASE expression performs an equality-based comparison on a given expression and performs an operation if the expression is equal to a certain value. That is, jump to the corresponding result_expression based on the matching result of input_expression and when_expression.
2. Basic grammar
CASE input_expression WHEN when_expression THEN result_expression [...n] [ELSE else_result_expression] END;
illustrate :
Among them, input_expression represents the expression that needs to be compared, when_expression, etc. represents the value that needs to be compared, result_expression, etc. represents the result when each value is equal, else_result_expression represents the default result when input_expression is not equal to any value.
Tip:
CASE: The simple CASE function supports subqueries, but please note that input_expression and when_expression can match. In addition, if there is no input_expression = when_expression that evaluates to TRUE, then when the ELSE clause is specified, DLI will return else_result_expression; when the ELSE clause is not specified, a NULL value will be returned.
3. Example
Assuming that the employee level is defined based on a fixed salary, it can be executed according to the following SQL:
SELECT name
,salary
,CASE salary
WHEN 15000 THEN 'Junior'
WHEN 20000 THEN 'Intermediate'
WHEN 25000 THEN 'Premium'
WHEN 30000 THEN 'Premium'
WHEN 35000 THEN 'Premium'
ELSE NULL
END AS level
FROM company
ORDER BY salary;
SQL statement parsing :
The test uses a company table created in the GaussDB database.
This SQL selects the employee's name (name), salary (salary), and a field classified according to salary level (level) from the "company" table. And use the "ORDER BY salary" statement to sort the results from low to high salary.
How simple CASE expressions work:
If the value of the "salary" field is equal to 15000, then the value of the "level" field is "junior".
If the value of the "salary" field is equal to 20000, then the value of the "level" field is "intermediate".
If the value of the "salary" field is equal to 25000 or 30000 or 35000, then the value of the "level" field is "advanced".
If the value of the "salary" field is not equal to any of the above values, then the value of the "level" field is NULL.
4. Search CASE expression in GaussDB database
1. Basic concepts
Searching for a CASE expression means performing an inequality-based comparison on a given expression, and performing the corresponding operation if the expression satisfies the given condition. That is, the boolean_expression of each WHEN clause is evaluated in the specified order. Returns the result_expression of the first boolean_expression that evaluates to TRUE.
2. Basic grammar
CASE WHEN boolean_expression THEN result_expression [...n] [ELSE else_result_expression] END;
illustrate:
Among them, boolean_expression, etc. represent the conditions that need to be compared, result_expression, etc. represent the operation results when the corresponding conditions are met, and else_result_expression represents the default result when expression does not meet any conditions.
Tip:
boolean_expression: can contain subqueries, but the return value of the entire boolean_expression expression can only be of Boolean type.
If there is no Boolean_expression that evaluates to TRUE, DLI will return else_result_expression when the ELSE clause is specified; when the ELSE clause is not specified, a NULL value will be returned.
3. Example
Assuming that the employee level is defined based on the salary range, it can be executed according to the following SQL:
SELECT name
,salary
,CASE WHEN salary < 15000 THEN '初级'
WHEN salary BETWEEN 15000 AND 25000 THEN '中级'
WHEN salary >25000 THEN 'Senior'
ELSE NULL
END AS level
FROM company
ORDER BY salary;
SQL statement parsing :
This SQL is the same as above, selecting the employee's name (name), salary (salary) and classifying them according to their salary level (level) from the "company" table.
How search CASE expressions work:
When the salary (salary) is less than 15,000, the salary grade is marked as "junior".
When the salary is between 15,000 and 25,000 (inclusive), the salary grade is marked as "intermediate".
When the salary is greater than 25,000, the salary grade is marked as "senior".
If none of the above conditions are met, the salary grade is marked as NULL.
In summary, the main purpose of this SQL statement is to obtain employee information, classify them according to their salary levels, and sort them according to their salary levels.
5. Summary
The CASE expression in GaussDB is a very useful tool that can be used to perform condition-based operations in SQL, implement conditional judgment and branch logic, and further optimize database queries and operations. When writing SQL code, you can flexibly choose simple form or search form to write according to specific business needs, which can greatly improve coding efficiency and code readability.
Attached : Common usage scenarios , such as: secondary definition tags, saturation statistics, calculation indicators, data format conversion , etc.
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